Inofungidzirwa "kuberekwa patsva"Kusvikira panguva kubva muna 1400 kusvika 1600 mushure maKristu, ndiko kuti, kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kusvika pa rechi XNUMX. Uku kwaive kufamba kwetsika kwakatanga muEurope, uko kunyangwe hazvo chinonyanya kushandurwa chiri zvinyorwa, hutsva mumunda wesainzi hwaigona kucherechedzwa.
Sangano rakatsvaga dzosera zvakare pfungwa dzevanhu, izvo zvaizobvumidza kuwana chirevo chitsva kumunhu uye nenyika kwaanogara. Zvakaita sekudzokera kunguva yechiGreek-chiLatin tsika, asi ikozvino tsika yemhando yakagamuchirwa umo hunhu hwaive nenzvimbo yakakosha; iyo yakatorwa kubva kwaari nedzidziso dzekuomerera uye dzakaomarara dzakakunda mukondinendi yeEurope munguva dzepakati (kufamba uku kwaive kushanduka kubva kuMiddle Ages kusvika kuchizvino).
Panguva iyoyo, nhamba huru yemabasa ekunyora kweRenaissance yakabuda, izvo zvisina kungoita fungidziro mumakore iwayo, asi mazhinji acho achiri mamwe akanakisa munyika nhasi. Semuenzaniso, Don Quijote de la Mancha rakanyorwa naMiguel de Cervantes, iro rakashandurwa uye kutengeswa basa pasi rose (pasina kufunga nezveBhaibheri), uko kunenge kune nyika dzese dzepasi rino kunodzidziswa muzvikoro nemayunivhesiti.
Kufanana nemuenzaniso iwoyo, kune mamwe mabasa. Iwe unongofanirwa kutarisa kumashure uye nekupfuura dzimwe nguva dzenguva kubva kuRenaissance yapfuura uye utsvage vanhu vane mukurumbira vane mabasa avo vakabata mamirioni avanhu kutenderera pasirese.
Uyezve, pane kwete chete zvinyorwa mumabhuku eRenaissance mabhuku; tinogonawo kuwana nhetembo, rondedzero kana mitambo yemitambosemuenzaniso, sezvo mabhuku achiumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana. Nekudaro, iwe unozoona mashandiro emazhinji emabasa, zvinyorwa uye kunyange chibvumirano (Machivelo).
Utopia naTomas Mora
Izwi rekuti "Utopia" rakagadzirwa naTomás Moro, muvambi werinozita rezita rimwe chete. Zvazvinoreva ndezvekuti, mupfungwa chaiyo "hapana-nzvimbo", zvinoreva nzvimbo isipo apo munyori aida tsanangura zano nzangal (kunyangwe makore akazotevera izwi rawana imwe dudziro). Uye zvakare, iro rakazara zita rebasa iri "Bhuku renzvimbo yakanaka yeRepublic mune chitsuwa chitsva cheUtopia" uye kuburitswa kwayo kwakatangira mugore ra1516.
Basa rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri. Yokutanga iri nhaurirano umo munyori anoshandisa rondedzero kutsanangura dzakasiyana nzvimbo dzeEngland mumakore eRenaissance (XV neXVI); nepo yechipiri ichinyanya kutarisa munhu anorondedzera zvakaita hupenyu pachitsuwa "chisipo" munzvimbo dzakaita nezvematongerwo enyika, huzivi kana hunyanzvi, izvo zvaive zvakatosiyana nedzimwe nzanga panguva iyoyo.
Mitsara Miguel de Montaigne
rondedzero iri zvakare rimwe remabasa anozivikanwa uye anomiririra emabasa eRenaissance. Yakanga yakanyorwa na Michael de Montaigne uye rakabudiswa muna 1580, ndiko kuti, muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Kunze kwezvo, munyori anotorwa semumwe weanonyanya kutsigira hunhu hweFrance panguva iyoyo.
Iri basa ndere kuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa zana nemakumi manomwe nenomwe, ndosaka riine zita iro. Izvo zvinotyisa hazvisi izvo zvemukati chete, kwazvinowanikwa kubva mupfupi pfungwa, kune chaiwo essays iko iko iko kushandisa uzivi stoic o kusava nechokwadi uye vamwe vazere neruzivo kana zviitiko zvega; asi zvakare nenzira iyo yavakanyorwa, kubvira mukugadzirwa kwebasa, Montaigne akafunga zvinonzwika vanyori vake vachinyora zvinyorwa.
Muchinda waNicholas Machiavelli
Iyi ndiyo Renaissance basa rekunyora inonyanya kufarirwa Machiavelli, muzivi wezvematongerwo enyika uye mushandi wehurumende wenguva yeRenaissance, yainzi baba vesaenzi yezvematongerwo enyika; Uye zvakare, zita rake rakashanda kutsanangura mazwi "Machiavellian naMachiavellianism." Iko hakuna chaiyo zuva rekuburitsa, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvaive pakati pa1531 na1532.
Muchinda harisi bhuku kana nhoroondo, asi chirevo (chinyorwa chinyorwa chinobvumidza kuratidzwa kweruzivo chairwo nenzira yakarongeka) yezvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvaive zvakagadzirirwa kutsanangurira vatongi venguva (machinda) nzira chaiyo yavavanofanira kutonga kana vachida kuramba vari musimba.
Eulogy kune kupenga kwaErasmus
MuMiddle Ages, Erasmus (1467-1536) aionekwa semumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa pakutsigira vanhu mukondinendi yeEurope, chimwe chinhu chaakaratidzira nebasa rake "The Praise of Madness" rakaburitswa muna 1511 uye raakatsaurirawo kushamwari yake Thomas More.
Basa iri i "rondedzero" iyo inotanga nechimedu chezwi rinotyisa, mairi rinoburitsa misoro senge mashura, maitiro akashata eChechi uye vafambi; uye wobva wagadzira dingindira rakanyanya, iyo zvakanakira kusaziva pamusoro pekufunga uye kufunga, iyo inobvumidza vanhu vemapoka akasiyana enharaunda kusekerera zvisinei nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana avanozviwana vari.
Don Quixote de la Mancha naMiguel de Cervantes
"Don Quijote de la Mancha" inoonekwa seyakanakisa basa rekunyora pasi rose, iyo yakanyorwa na Miguel de Cervantes uye yakaburitsa chikamu chayo chekutanga muSpain muna 1605 uye chechipiri makore gumi gare gare, ndokuti 1615.
Novel yaCervantes ndiyo yakatungamira yenhoroondo yazvino uye zvakare iyo polyphonic imwe (mubatanidzwa wemafungiro akasiyana nepfungwa kuburikidza nemaonero evakasiyana mavara). Mariri, iyo burlesque toni yaishandiswa zvakare, chimwe chinhu chakaitika kekutanga panguva iyoyo uye icho chakazopedzisira chasimuka kubva kune inoremekedza uye chivalrous toni.
Basa harisi chete a parody yemabhuku echivalry kubva ipapo, asi zvakare munyori akatora mukana kushoropodza nzanga yeSpain uye kunyangwe zvisina kunangana akakoka vaverengi kuti vafunge nezve dzakasiyana nzvimbo, senge kururamisira, rudo kana kutenda. Zvese izvi pasi pekupokana uye kwekutanga nharo, yemurume munyoro anobva kuLa Mancha wezera repakati (makore makumi mashanu okuberekwa) uyo, mushure mekuverenga huwandu hwakawanda hwemabhuku echivalric, anosarudza kupfeka sechi knight oenda kunorarama hupenyu hwake chaihwo huzere ngano.uye mune vatambi vazhinji vanotora mukana kana kuseka iye nemumwe wake, Sancho Panza. Achiita mukupedzisira Don Quixote anodzokazve pfungwa dzake mushure mezviitiko zvakashata, asi mukudzoka, anorasikirwa neupenyu.
Hupenyu hwaLazarillo de Tormes
Ichi zvakare chikamu cheakanakisisa Renaissance mabhuku anoshanda Kunyangwe asingazive munyori waro, ndiko kuti, musiki werino nhepfenyuro yeSpanish haazivikanwe. Uyezve, ndiyo inotungamira yeiyo subgenre "picaresque inoverengeka" nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvaive zvisina kujairika panguva yacho.
Iri basa rinorondedzera hupenyu hwaLázaro de Tormes kubva paakazvarwa kusvika kumuchato wake, mune iyo munyori akabata pazvinhu zvemagariro senge zvakashata kana hunyengeri, kunyanya izvo zvevanhu vanokosha vechitendero. Izvo zvakanyorwa nenzira yehupenyu, saka rondedzero ndeyaLázaro iye achirondedzera zvaakasangana nazvo nezvaakasangana nazvo, pamwe nekusangana kwake nemufundisi, squire, friar waMercy, buldero, mufundisi uye pakupedzisira, bailiff.
Romeo naJuliet naWilliam Shakespeare
Iri basa rinotyisa re William Shakespeare (Mutambi wemitambo weChirungu, mutambi uye mudetembi) iriwo rimwe remabasa akanakisa eRenaissance mabhuku, ese emunyori uye nepasirese (pamwe ne Hamlet, kunyangwe "Romeo naJuliet" vaimiririrwa zvakanyanya). Zuva rekuburitswa iri 1597 uye rakaburitswa mururimi rweChirungu.
Mutambo uyu une nyaya yevanodanana vaviri vaisagona kuve pamwe nekuti hama dzavo dzaikwikwidza. Nekudaro, vese vakasarudza kutiza, kuroora zvakavanzika uye kugara pamwe chete; Asi kuongorora uku, pamwe chete nenhamba yakawanda yezviitiko, kunokonzeresa vaviri vacho kuzviuraya pane kugara vasina mumwe. Sezvineiwo, kana mhuri mbiri idzi dzikafa, dzinoyananisana.
Hamlet naWilliam Shakespeare
William Shakespeare anoonekazve nemumwe mutambo wakashata waakaburitsa muna 1605, waakadaidza kuti "Hamlet", uyu uri mutambo wakanangana nezvose zviri zviviri. ngano yeamleth uye muUri-Hamlet, uye iri zvakare rakareba remunyori.
Iyo nyaya inosanganisira Mambo Hamlet weDenmark, akaurayiwa naClaudius (munun'una wamambo). Kubva ipapo, mwanakomana waHamlet anoonekwa mweya wababa vake achikumbira rubatsiro rwake kutsiva kumuurayi.
Misoro yakakurumbira yemutambo ndeye kutsiva, kutengesa, unyengeri kana kunyange makunakuna. Uye zvakare, zviri pachena kuti marwadzo erufu rwababa vake anoita sei kuti mwanakomana achinje "kushungurudzika" uku kuita hasha kwakanyanya.
Icho chaicho chakasarudzika uye imwe yeakanakisa Renaissance mabhuku anoshanda muChirungu zvinyorwa, pamwe nemamwe maviri mabasa nemunyori (Romeo naJuliet, naMacbeth).
Isu tinoshuvira kuti aya mabasa ezvinyorwa zveRenaissance aunoda iwe, sezvo iwo ari echokwadi echinyakare ayo chero anoda mabhuku anofanira kuverenga. Usakanganwa kuigovana pane ako masocial network, nekuti zvirokwazvo mumwe munhu anogona kufarira.
Iri rakanaka rerudo bhuku reArcipreste de Hita
Icho chimwe cheakakura mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zveRenaissance. Mariri, tichaenda tichitsvaga nhanganyaya yake, apo munyori anojekesa zvinoreva basa iri. Ikozve kune iyo autobiography, kunyangwe iine zvinhu zvakawanda zvekunyepedzera, iro ratove bhuku pacharo. Iri basa rinorondedzera rudo rwakasiyana nevanhu vakasiyana Asi kwete chete izvozvo, asi basa racho rinoperekedzwa nengano kana nyaya dzinopa rumwe ruzivo uye kubata kunofadza kwaunoda, zvakanyanya.
Iko kune kutaura uye zvakare kuchinjika kune a mutambo wepakati iyo inouya kubva paruoko rwevatambi vaDon Melon naDoña Endrina. Masatires uye maparodi haasi kumashure kumashure futi. Chii chinoita kuti chive chimwe chezvishongo zvikuru zvenguva ino izvo zvinofanirwa kugara zvichitarisirwa.
Shakespeare's Midsummer Husiku Kurota
Zvakare Shakespeare akaumba mumwe weakakosha mitambo. Iyo komedhi yakanyorwa pamusoro pegore, 1595. Mairi zvese zvakaburitswa zvakatenderedza iyo Muchato waTheusus kuna Hippolyta. Iye ndiye Mutongi weAtene uye ndiye Mambokadzi weAmazon. Iyo yerudo nyaya inosanganiswa nezvakawanda zviroto asiwo nemashiripiti, nekuti fairies anogara aripo. Sezvo zvaisagona kuve zvishoma, pakanga paine zvekare shanduro zvekare uye yakaendeswa kune nyika ye cinema pane akati wandei.
Dante's Divine Comedy
Zuva chairo rakanyorwa Dante's Divine Comedy harinyatso kuzivikanwa. Asi zvinozivikanwa kuti ndeimwe yeiyo ounyanzvi hwemabhuku eItaly uye zvekare. Izvo bhuku rino rinotiudza ndizvo zvese zvakadzidzwa pamusoro pemakore. Kubva panguva dzechinyakare kusvika kunguva dzepakati.
Mariri anoburitsa zvaaitenda, kunyanya zvechitendero pamwe neuzivi. Zvakawanda zvinotaurwa nezve vatambi vengano. Uye ndezvekuti vazhinji vakazvitsanangura senhetembo yechitendero inoisa misoro senge chivi kana vanamwari patafura. Mune chimiro chayo tine zvikamu zvakati kuti: Hell, Purigatori neParadhiso.
La Celestina naFernando de Rojas
Fernando de Rojas aive munyori wechiSpanish, kunyanya kubva kuTalavera de la Reina. Iye anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nekupa hupenyu kuna La Celestina. Yakagara iine dudziro dzakawanda asi izvo zvatiri kujekesa nezvazvo ndeyekuti inotaura nyaya iripakati Calisto naMelibea. Iyo yerudo nyaya, inosuruvarisa kufambidzana kubva kunonoka XNUMXth century.
Panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakajairika kushandisa munhu kuita semurevereri pakati pevanhu vaviri. Zvekuti kufambidzana kana kusangana kwakaitika pakati pevanodanana. Pamusoro penyaya yacho pachayo, hunhu uye kudzika kunoratidzwa nehunhu hwese zvakare kunonakidza. Kunyangwe zvinoita sekunge Fernando de Rojas akafarira zvaaifarira gadzira mavara maviri kuti mukwanirane uye nekudaro hunhu hweumwe neumwe wavo chakanyatsogadzirwa.
Chiremba Faustus naMarlowe
Iri bhuku rinotaura nezvazvo Kubwinya ndiani ane hunhu hwakakurumbira mutsika dzeGerman. Saka tinogona kutaura kuti inyaya yechinyakare. Kana kuti hapana zuva chairo rebhuku racho, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti harizove kure zvakanyanya kubva muna 1593.
Kunyangwe sezvazvinowanzoitika, uye zvinenge zvakasikwa, isu tichawanawo kubata kwekuseka. Ine ngirozi dzakanaka uye nevamwe vasina kunaka. Musanganiswa unobatanidza iyo zvivi zvinomwe zvinouraya.
Kufa kwaArthur weMalory
Ndiro rimwe remabasa anozivikanwa uye richarondedzera kufa kwaArturo, sekuratidzwa kwazvinoitwa nemusoro wenyaya, kunyange hazvo isiri yemamwe mazita ekare emhando iyi. Ngazvive sezvazvingave, pane zvikamu pazvinogona kunyatsotaurwa kuti iyo zvinhu hazvina kuburitswa kubva Maloy. Asi mune vamwe, iko kuchinjika.
Zvingave zvishoma sei, ichokwadi kuti pamusoro pekutaura uye rondedzera zviitiko zvakapfuura muhupenyu hwaMambo Arthur, anozviitawo pamakona etafura yakatenderera. Zviitiko zvakawanda izvo zvakare zvakakosha kuti unzwisise nyaya zvakanaka. Arturo, Merlin kana Morgana vachange varipo mukutaura.
Gargantua uye Pantagruel
Zvakanaka, isu hatina kuda kudzinga iyi sarudzo yemabhuku ekunyora kubva kuRenaissance tisingataure nezvemabasa echiFrench. Mune ino kesi, aya amanove mashanu ayo akanyorwa na François Rabelais. Mavari tichawana hunyanzvi hwehofori mbiri.
Mumwe Gargarúa uye mumwe Pantagruel, anova ndiye mwanakomana wake. Iyo nyaya yakanyorwa nenzira inoseka uye neakawandisa mabhurasho panguva yayo. Pasina kukanganwa kutukwa kunotaurwa uye nehumwe hunhu hwekupedzisira, asi izvo zvisina kuoneka. Kuve rimwe remabasa ekufunga.
Ndatenda, ruzivo rwakanakisa, ndinokutendai ...
NDINODZIDZA KUTI UNGANDIUDZIRA KUTI KWAUNOGARA KUTI URI KUDZIVA YEMAHARA BHUKU?
Zvakanakisa 🙂