Ndezve kugovaniswa zvakaenzana kwemari yenyika, yakatanga kuitwa nemutungamiri weMexico, Luis Echeverría muna 1976. Ndipo panguva iyo hurongwa hwekuvandudza nyika yeMexico State hwakabatsirwa zvakanyanya nehurongwa hutsva hwehupfumi uhu.
Wese mugari wazvino anotaura chiSpanish anofanirwa kuziva iyi terminology kuitira kuti anyatsoongorora iro Executive bazi. Saka kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve iyo pfungwa yekugovana budiriro iri pamusoro uye mumatunhu epasi akaitwa, ive shuwa kuverenga chinyorwa chinotevera.
Development
Izwi rekuvandudza rinozivikanwa senzira yekushanduka-shanduka iyo inosangana nemunhu shanduko padanho rezvemagariro, pamweya uye nehupfumi kuti vanofanirwa kuvandudza nharaunda yavo, mune dzimwe tsananguro zvine chekuita nechinangwa chekushanduka-shanduka.
Muchidimbu, chinotsvaga kutsvaga ndechekuti vakwanise kuzadzikiswa kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzinosanganisira zvakananga munhu. Iko kufukidzwa kwezvakakosha zvinodiwa zvemunhu zvinoenderana nenyika iyo yekupedzisira inokura.
Kubva pakuona kwevanhu, izwi rekuti budiriro rinofanirwa kuitwa kureva rusununguko urwo vanhu vanarwo rwekuvaka chirongwa chavo chehupenyu zvichibva pamikana yezvehupfumi nemagariro enyika.
Ndipo ipapo, kubva pakuona kwezvematongerwo enyika, kushandisa izwi rebudiriro kunogona kubatsira kana kukuvadza vagari venyika zvinoenderana nechinangwa chainoitirwa.
Kune rake divi, Luis Echeverría, aive nenharo dzakanaka kwazvo murondedzero yake yebudiriro yakagovaniswa iyo yaimutendera kusvika kumutungamiriri wenyika uye kukwanisa kuzviita muhupfumi hweMexico hwenguva iyoyo.
Yakagovaniswa yekuvandudza modhi
Chikonzero chikuru chekuzadzikiswa kwechirongwa chehupfumi ichi kuMexico yaive nguva yedambudziko iyo nyika yaienda nayo kutanga kwema70s.
Izvi zvakamanikidza hurumende kuti kudzikamisa yakawanda bhajeti yenyika kune basa reruzhinji, pasina kufunga kuti kuita uku kwaizounza mhedzisiro huru yezvehupfumi uye kwaizokonzera hurombo kuvanhu.
Munguva iyi yedambudziko, World Bank, iyo Inter-American Development Bank neInternational Monetary Fund zvakabatsira nyika dziri mumatambudziko emakore gumi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu erubatsiro rweaya masangano akange ari kudzikiswa kwemari dzeveruzhinji, izvo, sezvatakambotaura, zvichakonzera kudzikira kwehupfumi, kunyanya iyo yeMexico.
Nyika yekutanga yakabatsira hupfumi hweLatin hwakadya zvigadzirwa zvaro, asi vaive ivo vaigadzira zvigadzirwa zvavo.
Ichi yakabatsira kukura kweLatin hupfumi uye kune imwe nhanho, kuzvimiririra kubva pamabhajeti eWorld Bank, iyo Inter-American Development Bank uye neInternational Monetary Fund.
Kuwanika kwemafuta muVenezuela neMexico kwakavabatsira kusimbisa hupfumi hwavo mukushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chavo chakakomba.
Zvinangwa zveiyo modhi
Kunyanya yaive nezvinangwa zvakakurumbira zvaitsvaga kusimbisa zvibvumirano nemapoka akasiyana enharaunda enharaunda yeMexico, nepo dzimwe nyika dzichiita zvakasiyana nzira dzekudzivirira dambudziko, Mexico, yakasimudzira kugovana. Pakati pezvinangwa zvikuru zveiyi modhi yezvehupfumi ndezvi:
- Deredza chikwereti cheRepublic.
- Kuti iyo Hurumende yaive neinenge mhedziso kutonga kweakasiyana hupfumi hwakazvimirira kumisa chero kusaenzana kwehupfumi.
- Kuti chikamu chevashandi chaive chikamu chezvikamu zvese zvekugadzira.
- Ipa hupenyu huri nani kune huwandu hwevanhu.
- Wedzera purofiti yebazi revashandi nekugovana zvakaenzana zvikamu zveRepublic.
Zvakanaka zvinhu
Iyi modhi yezvehupfumi haina kuzadzikisa zvinangwa zvinokunda. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvakanaka zvinogona kuitwa izvo zvakabatsira nzanga yeMexico panguva iyoyo:
- Kuvhurwa kweINFONAVIT Institute (Institute of the National Housing Fund yeVashandi), izvo zvakaita kuti vashandi vakwanise kutenga dzimba kana kugadzirisa zvimwe zvakatowanikwa.
- Dzidzo yekuvandudza inoenderana nekudzidza matsva emabasa.
- Kuvhurwa kwemayunivhesiti matsva uye nzvimbo dzekudzidzisa midhiya nekubvumidzwa kune vese vateereri.
- Iyo National Chirongwa cheVakuru Dzidzo.
- Kudzidzisa chiSpanish kumarudzi akasiyana emadzinza.
Negatives
Zvirokwazvo iyi modhi yezvehupfumi haina kusvika pazvinangwa zvese zvakaiswamo, pakati pezvakashata zvekuitwa kwemuenzaniso uyu tinowana zvinotevera:
- Kuwedzera kwechikwereti chekunze.
- Wedzera muzinga rekushaikwa kwemabasa.
- Iyo dhora yakadzikiswa neimwe yekuwedzera 6%.
- Paive nekuchinjanisa kudzora kwakaita kuti mari yekunze ishaike.
Kukundikana kwekuvandudzwa kwakagovaniswa senzira yehupfumi
Muchidimbu, chaisave chikumbiro icho chakange chakavakirwa pane chaiyo mienzaniso yekuona kubudirira kwayo.
Muna 1976, hupfumi hweMexico hwakasvika kumagumo enjodzi yakawedzera hurombo uye husina kunaka hupenyu hwevagari.
Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu kwaive zvakare chinhu chakanangana nekudzora kwakatarwa neiyi modhi yezvehupfumi kune akasiyana ekudyara uye evamiriri vemberi.
Kazhinji kutaura, kusimudzira kwakagovaniswa kwaive kusiri kwe mhinduro yakashata kwazvo uye kushomeka kwematurusi Izvo zvakaita kuti hupfumi hweMexico hwenguva yacho ruve dambudziko rakakomba zvine chekuita nedzimwe nyika dzeLatin America nezvikwereti zvekunze zvaive zvichikura.
Uku kusimudzira kwakaronga zvinangwa zvisina kuzadzikiswa, saka kushomeka kwemabasa akanaka ekurapa, chikafu, matanho ehutsanana uye mamwe mabasa eruzhinji ndiwo akonzera kuparara kwehupfumi kwehurumende yeLuis Echeverría.
Yakabatanidzwa nehuwori uye kudiwa kwekupa mhinduro nekukurumidza kuguta iro raive nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu uye zvakasiyana zvinodiwa zvaive zvakakosheswa nekuda kwekusarudzika munharaunda.
Hupfumi hweMexico
Nhasi uno hupfumi hwekutanga muLatin America, hwakavakirwa pamusika wemahara wekutengesa kunze, uchiva hupfumi hwegumi nematatu hwakakura pasirese nehurongwa hwakazara hwezvigadzirwa zvemukati zvemadhora zviuru gumi nematatu emadhora.
Kunyangwe iri hupfumi hwakadzikama hunobvumidza chero munhu kupfuma, inomutsa makakatanwa emagariro nekutenda kwakanyanya kwehurombo neupfumi zvinoitika munyika dzavo dzese, kunyanya kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba eMexico, vanonyanya kukanganiswa nehurombo.
Ndinokutendai nekukurukurirana kwakakosha kunoshanda semuenzaniso uye kuenzanisa nenyika yedu panguva ino.
Ndatenda neruzivo, ndinofunga kuti iyo yakagovaniswa yekuvandudza modhi yakashandiswa muEcuador mukati memakore gumi apfuura mune dzinonzi dzinofambira mberi hurumende dzeLatin America uye saizvozvowo mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira, yakanaka uye yakaipa, yakafanana chaizvo kunze kwekutonga kwe mwero wekutsinhana wakatarwa.kuti nyika yakave yakapihwa madhora kubvira 2000.
Iyo nyaya ndiyo yakanakisa mudzidzisi, isu tinofanirwa kudzidza zvakawanda kubva kwaari.
Kuratidza kukwazisa
Max Galarza, MSc
Ruzivo rwakakosha, zvinorwadza kuti huwori hunoramba huchienderera, uye kusaenzana kuri kuramba kuchipenya, nguva yega yega zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kukura kwebasa nemubhadharo wepakati.