Ndeapi mhinduro dzesimba? Mhando, Zvivakwa uye Mienzaniso

Mhinduro mumakemikari dzinowanzoitwa binary, izvi zvinoreva kuti izvo zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri, iyo solute uye iyo solvent, imwe iriyo mhinduro yekunyungudika uye imwe iyo solvent factor.

Kubva pane izvi, izvi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando mbiri, dzinove dzakakosheswa uye dzesimba, yekupedzisira iri iyo mune iyo huwandu hwesolute uye solvent yavanogona kunge isina kutarisirwa.

Kazhinji mumhinduro dzakagadziriswa iwo masolute uye iwo solvents ane hukama, nekuti izvi zvinogona kuchinja zvakapusa neuwandu, kana isu tiine mhinduro ine zviyero zvakafanana zvezvinhu zviviri izvi, rimwe remazita maviri anogona kupihwa kune rimwe nerimwe.

Mhinduro ndeipi?

Kuti uzive kwazvo izwi rekuti mhinduro dzesimba, zvakafanira kuti uzive kuti mhinduro, inotsanangurwa semusanganiswa wakafanana, uyo unowanzo kuve nezvidimbu zvidiki pane maatomu gumi, izvi zvinowanzo kuve nezvinhu zviviri semanyungududzi nemanyungudiki.

Solutes

Izvo zvinhu zvinonyungudika mumusanganiswa, nekuti izvi zvakanyanya mune zvishoma zvishoma.

Zvinonyungudutsa

Izvo zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa solute, izvi zvinowanikwa muzvikamu zvakakura pane izvo zvambotaurwa.

Mhinduro dzakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri, idzo idzo dzinogona kutariswa huwandu chaihwo hweunyoro uye solvent mumusanganiswa, ayo anodomwa neakakosheswa, uyezve kune ehumwari, ayo ari iwo iwo huwandu uhwo hazvigoni kutsanangurwa.

Chii chinonzi empirical solution?

Iyo misanganiswa umo iyo chaiyo huwandu hwesolute uye solvent isingakwanise kutsanangurwa, mune izvo zvinhu zvinogona kupatsanurwa kubva kune yakasimba mune mvura, mvura mune mvura, gasi mune mvura uye gasi mune gasi, iri iyo iine rakakura gurusa iro iro rinonyungudika mudiki.

Nguva yekusiyana kusiana kuchasiyana maererano netembiricha, kumanikidza uye nemhando yesolute, uyezve kana iri gasi inowanzo nyungudutsa solute, ichigadzira iyo solvent ichiwana mukobvu wakakura.

Kune mashanu marudzi emhinduro dzemubvunzo dzakakamurwa zvichienderana nehunhu hweyekunyungudika uye solute, pakati padzo inosanganiswa, yakaomeswa, yakazara, isina saturati uye supersaturated.

Kana musanganiswa uine zvinhu zviviri sezvinhu zvemvura, vanorasikirwa nepfungwa yezvinhu, uye izvo chete zvinozivikanwa, nekuda kweiyo ine huwandu hwakakura mumusanganiswa.

Mhando dzekugadzirisa mhinduro

Aya marudzi akapatsanurwa zvinoenderana nekupokana kwezvinhu, uye huwandu hwesora mukati mawo, pakati peizvi zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa.

Sanganisa mhinduro

Ndidzo idzo umo zviyero zvemanyungudiki zvinofukidza zve solute, ayo anozivikanwawo semhinduro dzisina kusimba, nekuda kweiyo shoma yacho, muenzaniso weizvi unogona kunge uri kana chipunu cheshuga chakawedzerwa kukofi iri tembiricha yakakwira kana inopisa, inozonyungudika nekukurumidza zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuwandu hwesanganiswa

Yakagadziriswa mhinduro

Ndeavo vane yakawanda solute kana ichienzaniswa neyakawandisa yezvisanganiswa zviripo mumusanganiswa kana inogona kududzirwa seyakanyanya huwandu hwechinhu icho chinonyungudika muhuwandu hwe solvent, muenzaniso weizvi unogona kuva kana akaisa magiramu gumi emunyu mu½ litre emvura.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti hapana chaiyo muganho pakati pekudzikisira uye yakanyatsogadziriswa mhinduro.

Mhinduro dzisina kunyorwa

Izvi zvinozivikanwa nekuve neiyo shoma huwandu hwesolute iyo yaigona kuve nayo, mune kumwe kumanikidza uye tembiricha mamiriro, muenzaniso unogona kunge uri 30 magiramu emunyu mu2 litita emvura.

Mhinduro dzakaguta

Izvo zvinopesana zvachose neasina kuguta, nekuti iwo ane huwandu hwakanyanya hwehusovha iyo yaigona kubata, mune kumwe kumanikidza uye tembiricha mamiriro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kana mhinduro ikaguta iyo solute hainyungudike zvakare, ichigadzira kuenzana. pakati pe solute ne solvent.

Supersaturated mhinduro

Izvi zvine zvakanyanyisa solute pane mhinduro dzakaguta. Nzira chete yekuti solute idzokere kune solvent chiito ndeche kudziisa musanganiswa, asi painobvumidzwa kutonhodza, inodzokera kune yayo yekutanga mamiriro nekuda kwayo supersaturation. Mhinduro dzisina kugadzikana idzo kana uchinge wagamuchira kamwe kakurova kana kufamba kamwe kamwe, dzinozova mhinduro dzakazara.

Solution zvivakwa

Mhinduro dzine zvakawanda zvivakwa, asi chakanyanya kukosha solubility, inova huwandu hwesolute inogona kunyungudika mune solvent pane yakapihwa tembiricha, ine chikamu chakakomberedzwa chine yayo yega solubility level.

Kune mamwezve eaya solute senge magetsi madhiraivhu, kumanikidza kwemhute, pakati pevamwe, pamwe neyakagadziriswa senge nzvimbo yekubikira, kana iyo fission poindi, inova iyo yakasimba painova mvura.

Kuti mhinduro iwirirane, panofanirwa kuve nechinhu chinokwezva pakati pemamorekuru esolute uye solvent, izvo zvinokunda simba remamorekuru ekukwezva kwesolute chete, zvichivaparadzira uye vozobatana neavo echinyoro. .

Semuenzaniso, isu tine mvura neshuga, izvo, sekuzivikanwa, kana iwe ukaisa supuni yeshuga mugirazi remvura, dzinozonyungudika, nekuti mamorekuru emvura akasimba zvakakwana kukwezva ayo eshuga., Vachiita kuti vanosanganisa uye kuti izvi zvinoitika semvura yakabatana nemvura.

8 Mienzaniso inobatsira kuona mhinduro dzesimba

  1. Paunoita latte, inoita kunge solute kune kofi, iri yakasimba, uye mukaka, seye solvent, inova mvura.
  2. Chokoreti uye mvura, chokoreti kuve solute uye kudiridza iyo solvent.
  3. Kana yaiswa pamushonga wemvura nemhepo, mhute inowanikwa.
  4. Paint uye tiner, kuti ikwanise kushandisa pendi yemafuta zviri nyore, inofanirwa kupfuura neyakagadziriswa dhiraini, inova iyo solvent.
  5. Mvura ine sipo, mune iyo mvura ndiyo solvent uye sipo solute, izvi zvinogona zvakare kushanda semuenzaniso weyakagadziriswa mhinduro.
  6. Kofi nemvura, paunenge uchigadzira yakajairwa kofi mhando, iri kuwedzeredzwa, asi panguva ino iri nemvura, inoshanda senge solvent.
  7. Mvura ine shuga, shuga ichiva chinhu chinofanira kunyungudika uye inodiridza iyo solvent
  8. Mvura ine majusi ekugadzira, izvi zvinwiwa zvigadzirwa zvisina mvura, izvo zvinoshanda seshuga yakasanganiswa, ichiita zvakafanana nenzira yapfuura.

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  1. Inotarisira iyo data: Miguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Chinangwa cheiyo data: Kudzora SPAM, manejimendi manejimendi.
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