Geography hachisi cheya cheya chaungangodaro uchitiza uchibva; zvinopfuura izvozvo, etymologically zita rayo rinoreva "tsananguro yepasi" uye ndizvo chaizvo zvazviri, sainzi inoitisa kudzidza zvese zviri pamusoro penzvimbo, pamwe nematunhu, nharaunda, nzvimbo, matunhu anoumba zvine hukama kune mumwe nemumwe. hongu uye nemapoka anogara mairi.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti izvi zvine zvetsika nhoroondo misiyano mu geographic research maererano nemaitiro ekudzidza, izvo zvinosanganisira zvina: kuongororwa kwenzvimbo yezvakasikwa uye zviitiko zvevanhu, zvidzidzo zvendima (kubva panzvimbo kuenda kudunhu), kudzidza kwehukama pakati pemunhu nenzvimbo yake, uye kuferefetwa kwePasi sainzi.
Kwemakore, kwete chete nzira dzekufunda dzakachinja asiwo izvo zvinodzidzwa, kutsvaga dzimwe nzvimbo dzezivo kuti unzwisise hunhu, mavambo uye zvimwe zvakasarudzika zvezvinhu zvese izvo jogirafi inonzwisisa kunzwisisa kubva kune chero ndima.
Izvo zvataurwa zvinotungamira kune izvo zvinozivikanwa nhasi se 'Yemazuva Ano Geography', inova iyo sainzi imwechete kana musimboti weiri pamusoro, asi nechinangwa che nyatsoongorora nekuongorora zvakateerana zvezviitiko uye zviitiko zvevanhu, ichivafukidza kwete chete kubva kune izvo zvisinganzwisisike zvakaitika, asi zvakare inotarisa nekucherechedza zvavari, shanduko dzavakawana kuti dzive zvavari, pakati pedzimwe nzvimbo dzakafanana.
Izvi zviri izvo, iyo nyaya parizvino yakakamurwa kuita matavi ejogirafi, ayo anonyanya kuve enzvimbo jogirafi uye vanhu jogirafi.
Tsvaga ese matavi aripo ejogirafi
Kubva pane epanyama
Ndihwo hunyanzvi hwejogirafi iyo inodzidza pamusoro penyika nenzira yakarongeka uye yepakati inofungidzirwa seyakazara uye chaizvo, iyo chaiyo nzvimbo yenzvimbo.
Physical Geography inotarisa pakudzidza nekunzwisiswa kwenzvimbo nemaitiro enharaunda, tichisiya padivi - uye nezvikonzero zvehunhu - nharaunda yetsika inotonga izvo zvinozivikanwa seHuman Geography.
Izvo zviri pamusoro mumashoko mashoma uye nepfupi zvinoreva kuti, kunyange hazvo hukama huripo pakati pezvikamu zviviri zveJogirafi zviripo, pamwe nekukosha, kana imwe yeminda iyi ichidzidzwa, zvakakosha kupatsanura imwe neimwe nzira, ne Chinangwa chekubvumira nzira yacho nezviri mukati kuti zviongororwe zvakadzama.
Sekureva kwemunyori wejogirafi Arthur Newell Strahler (uyo aiona nezvekufunga nezvebazi rakadai) rinotarisa pamaitirwo ari mhedzisiro yekuyerera kukuru kwesimba; kunova kuyerera kwemwaranzi yezuva iyo inotungamira tembiricha yepasi pamwe nekufamba kwemvura uye yechipiri, kuyerera kwekupisa kubva mukati mePasi, kunotangira muzvinhu zvemativi ekumusoro epasi.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti uku kuyerera kunokanganisa uye kuita pamusoro penyika, ndiko kuti, mune chii chiri munda wekudzidza kune epanyama jogirafi.
Kunyangwe paine chirevo chakakodzera, vamwe vane masimba vane kugona kwavo kufunga kuti geografi iri sei. Pakati pezvakakosha, maduramazwi kana magwaro ekudzidza anomira pachena:
- Iyo iine Rioduero Duramazwi reGeography, iyo inogumira pakuronga misoro inosanganisirwa mundima yejogirafi yepanyama, senge climatology, geomorphology, oceanography, uye Continental hydrography, kusanganisira glaciology.
- Iyo Elsevier Duramazwi reJogirafi inosimbisa kuti jogirafi yepanyama inobata nezvikamu zveNyika mamiriro ezvinhu, ndiko kuti, iyo lithosphere, mhepo, hydrosphere, biosphere. Zvakare nehukama pakati pavo, kugoverwa kwavo pamusoro pePasi uye neshanduko nekufamba kwenguva izvo zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo zvinokonzera kana kukanganisa kwevanhu. Inotaura kuti matavi epanyama jogirafi ari geomorphology, oceanography, mamiriro ekunze, terrestrial hydrology, glaciology, biogeography, paleogeography, edafogeography, geocriology uye kudzidza kwenzvimbo. Kugadzira noti zvakare kuti iyo oceanography yakafambira mberi sekuzvimirira kwakazvimirira, zvinoenderana nekuzivikanwa kwevanyori.
- Ye FJ Monkhouse Duramazwi reGeographicical Terms, Physical Geography inoreva sainzi iyo inoenderana nezve izvo zvikamu zvejogirafi zvine chekuita nechimiro uye kuzorora kwepasi, kumisikidzwa, kuwedzerwa uye hunhu hwemakungwa nemakungwa, mhepo yakatikomberedza uye neanowirirana maitiro , ivhu rinotenderera uye "zvakasikwa" zvinomera zvinoifukidza, ndiko kuti, mamiriro epanyama enzvimbo.
Nezve geography yevanhu
Izvi zvinosanganisira kupatsanurwa kwenyaya kwakadaro uye iri rimwe remapazi ejogirafi iro rakasarudzika uye rinoitirwa (generalized concept) dzidza nzanga dzevanhu kubva padanho renzvimbo, pamwe nehukama pakati pemapoka akadaro nenzvimbo yepanyama mavanogara, nharaunda dzetsika nenzvimbo dzevanhu dzinoumbwa pavanopfuura.
Kufungidzira uku kupfupi kunosanganisira iko kwekuve chidzidzo icho chinobvumidza kunyoreswa uye kucherechedzwa kwezviitiko zvevanhu kubva muchadenga, ecology yevanhu uye nesainzi yemagariro nzvimbo.
Inoonekwa nekudzidza zvakadzama mutsauko wakadzika mukuparadzirwa kwevagari vepasi, zvikonzero zvekuparadzirwa kwakadai pamwe nemhedzisiro yezvematongerwo enyika, magariro, hupfumi, huwandu hwevanhu uye tsika maererano nezviwanikwa zviripo kana zvingangoitika enharaunda. pachikero chakasiyana.
Kudzidza kana kusimudzira kwemaitiro enharaunda ebazi iri kwakatungamira mukutanga kwezvikamu zvidiki zvinotarisa pane mamwe maitiro. Iyi nhevedzano yezivo yakarongeka inoongororwa kana kudzidza zvakadzama nemapazi:
Yehuwandu
Inoongorora nzira dzekuparadzira dzevanhu pamusoro penyika uye nemaitiro, angave echinguva kana ezvakaitika kare, pane izvo zvavakaitika uye nekudaro zvakatangira kana kushandurwa.
Mari
Rimwe remapazi ejogirafi ayo akavakirwa pamamodeli ezvehupfumi nemaitiro, kuwedzera mukati menguva uye munzvimbo yepasi. Ehupfumi yezvemamiriro ekunze idanho rinodzidza kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwehupfumi zvinhu; zvinorehwa neizvi kune nyika, matunhu uye, kazhinji, munharaunda dzevanhu. Inomirira hukama hunofadza kwazvo nehupfumi, asi kubva pakuona kwenzvimbo yekuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzehupfumi. Sekureva kwemumwe wevanyori vayo vanopayona, Krugman, iri "bazi rezvehupfumi" nezve "nzvimbo yekugadzira munzvimbo."
Tsika
Iyi inzira yejogirafi yevanhu inoongorora hukama huripo pakati pevanhu nenzvimbo, inoonekwa kubva pane zvingangoitika.
Urbana
Iri ndiro rimwe remapazi ejogirafi ayo anoongorora misangano yevanhu inomiririrwa nemaguta, huwandu hwevanhu, hunhu, shanduko yenhoroondo, mabasa uye kukosha kwakaringana.
Rural
Iyo inodzidza nyika yekumaruwa, zvivakwa zvezvekurima uye masisitimu, nzvimbo dzekumaruwa, zviitiko zvehupfumi zvinoitwa mavari, senge kurima, zvipfuyo uye kushanya. Zvakare mhando dzezvivakwa uye matambudziko anoitwa nenzvimbo dzekudzikisira vanhu, kuchembera, matambudziko ehupfumi, matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, pakati pevamwe, anokonzera.
Zvematongerwo enyika
Seizvo zita rayo rinoratidzira, iri basa rekuongorora nzvimbo dzezvematongerwo enyika uye kuti sainzi dzakafanana uye dzakabatana dzinogona kureva sei sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika uye geopolitics, pamwe neiyo multidisciplinary ndima yezvidzidzo zvepasirese.
Chiremba
Iri bazi rinotarisa pane ongororo yemhedzisiro inoona nezve kukanganisika kwenzvimbo pahutano hwevanhu. Inoongorora zvakare kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwezvirwere, pasina kusiya kuferefetwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinobatsira mukupararira kwavo. Izvi zvakare zvine sainzi yekubatsira, iyo isiri chinhu uye hapana chakaderera pane mushonga.
Zvekukwegura kana gerontological
Inoongorora zvinorehwa nemagariro nenzvimbo zvekukwegura kwevagari kuburikidza nekunzwisiswa kwehukama pakati penzvimbo yemagariro nevakwegura, pamatanho akasiyana, micro (dzimba), meso (nharaunda) uye macro (guta, dunhu, nyika) , pakati pevamwe.
Subbranches echisikigo jogirafi uye fizikisi
- Geomorphology: Iri bazi rinoongorora genesis uye shanduko yemhando dzezvimiro zvevhu.
- Ivhu rejogirafi: bazi iri rinoongorora mavambo, kuumbika uye kugoverwa kwevhu
- Climatology: Iri bazi rinoongorora mamiriro ekunze, mhando dzaro nekuparadzirwa, rinoongororawo zvinhu zvavo uye kusiyanisa kwematunhu.
- Biogeography: eIri bazi rinoongorora nzvimbo dzehupenyu, mhuka uye zvirongwa zvekuparadzira zvirimwa
- Hydrography: rimwe rematavi ejogirafi ayo anotsanangura zvinoitika kana chokwadi chine chekuita nemvura yepasi
- Pakati pevagari: Iri bazi rinoongorora huwandu, kuumbwa uye kugoverwa kwehuwandu hwevanhu maererano nehunhu hwenzvimbo yenyika
- Social: eIri bazi rinoongorora zviitiko zvemagariro emapoka evanhu nehukama hwavo mukati memagariro
Mamwe matavi ejogirafi haana kukosha
Masvomhu jogirafi
Kufanana navo vese, iyi inotarisawo pamusoro penyika, asi zvichibva pane yayo yemasvomhu chimiro. Uye zvakare inodzidza nezvehukama hwainayo nemwedzi nezuva, kuti zvisinei kuti vaviri ava vangaratidzika kunge vari vega zvakadii, rangano rinogona kuitwa paEquator yepasi, kumatunhu anopisa, mitsetse yekumusoro, nharaunda uye kunyange kuyera saizi Nyika kuburikidza nekuferefetwa kwezvakaitika zvepamusoro zvinogadzirwa, chigadzirwa chekudyidzana kwevaviri ava.
Chinhu chinodikanwa ndechekuti iri rimwe remapazi rakatangira panguva imwechete iyo geography senge yakatemwa uye nemagadzirirwo ayo ebudiriro akatanga ayo anosanganisira Topography, Cartography, Astronomical Geography, Geostatistics uye Geomatics.
Chimwe chehunhu hwakatanhamara ndechekuti kana pakaitwa zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvejogirafi, kana pakuvhara nzvimbo yePasi muchadenga nepasi, mafambiro epasi, simba rezuva nemwedzi pamusoro (hazvidziviriki uye yakakosha pokutangira mumatavi ejogirafi senge Climatology uye Hydrology) uye dudziro uye kunzwisiswa kwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo, sehwaro hwechero kudzidza kwenzvimbo, zvirimo, nzira neruzivo zvinoshandiswa semasvomhu geography propitiate.
Iri bazi rakashanduka zvakanyanya zvekuti nhasi pane mukana wekuti iwe uve nyanzvi mune sainzi yakadaro.
Biological jogirafi
Izvi ndezvekutarisira kana chinangwa chekutsanangura kugoverwa kwenzvimbo yezvirimwa nemhuka; kutsvaga kubatana kuripo pakati peizvi nemamiriro epanyama mavanogara. Zviri kubazi rino kuti riongorore, semuenzaniso, zvikonzero nei maConifers akazara mu taiga, xerophytes mugwenga kana zvinomera zvinofadza musango.
Yakakamurwa kuva Phytogeography, iyo inoongorora kugoverwa kwezvirimwa pasi, uye Zoogeography, iyo inoongorora kugoverwa kwemhuka pasi pano. Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha ndechekuti botany, zoology uye ecology zvinobva kune iyi sainzi.
Zvematongerwo enyika jogirafi
Ichi chikamu chinodzidza kugoverwa uye sangano rezvematongerwo enyika repasi, ndiko kuti, rinotarisana nemabatirwo anoitwa ndima maererano nenzvimbo inogara munhu.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nderimwe remapazi ejogirafi akawandisa, nekuti chinhu chayo chikuru chekuongorora isangano rezvematongerwo enyika riri kuongororwa nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika uye neizvi hazvireve chete kuchimiro kana kumisikidzwa, asi zvakare Vanogona kubva boka diki revanhu rakanyatsodzidziswa uye hierarchical kune hombe nyika dzezvehupfumi kana yezvematongerwo enyika bloc uye inogumira sezvo ivo vari nyika chete.
Kufungidzira kwesainzi iyi kwakaomarara, zvisinei, jogirafi yezvematongerwo enyika inofarira muzvinhu zvese zvine chekuita nesainzi yayo, senge maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika, masisitimu ehurumende, kukanganisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, pakati pevamwe.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza kana kudzidza chezvematongerwo enyika geographic nzvimbo, ndiko kuti, vanhu, nyika, matunhu, nzvimbo, nevamwe. Sezvo inobata nechinhu chinochisiyanisa nesainzi yezvematongerwo enyika nekuti nenzira imwecheteyo nharaunda inovandudzwa masangano ezvematongerwo enyika inyaya yekuwongorora.