Chii chinonzi sero remhuka? - Maumbirwo, zvikamu uye mashandiro

Maseru ndeanomira uye ehupenyu zvikamu zvinowanikwa mune zvese zvipenyu, izvo zvinobvumidza kushanda kwavo kwakakodzera uye kusimudzira. Izvi zvakapatsanurwa kuita mhando mbiri, ma prokaryotes uye eukaryotes, uko ekare aripo mune maberere uye mabhakitiriya; nepo yechipiri iri muzvirimwa, mhuka, protists uye fungi.

Pakati peeukaryotes tinowana sero remhuka, iro rinotsanangurwa se izvo zvinogadzira zvinyama zviripo mumhuka. Izvo zvatichataura imwe dhata yekufarira senge chimiro chayo kana zvikamu, kushanda kweumwe neumwe wavo uye mutsauko nemamwe maseru eukaryotic.

Nezve kushanda kwemasero emhuka mune ese, aya, semamwe maseru, anozadzisa chinangwa chekubatsira mukushanda chaiko kwemaitiro akakosha kuti kuvepo kwemhuka; semuenzaniso, ivo vanopindira mukugadzirwa kwemicheka, kuratidza manzwiro, pakati pevamwe.

Chii chiri chimiro kana zvikamu zvechitokisi chemhuka?

Kune mazana emamiriyoni emasero aya mumhuka nevanhu, uko imwe neimwe ine dhizaini iyo inosanganisira iyo sero hamvuropu, cytoplasm uye cell cell. Nekudaro, mukati mavo zvinokwanisika kuwana zvikamu zvechitokisi uye kuti yega yega inozadzisa rakatarisana basa.

Sero kana membrane yeplasma

Inowanikwa muhamvuropu yesero, inorondedzera sechikamu chekunze chemasero, chinovaganhurira uye ,zve, chinoshanda sedziviriro uye sisitimu yekudzora yezvingave kana zvisingabude mazviri.

Cytoplasm

Kune chikamu chayo, cytoplasm iri pakati pe nucleus yesero remhuka nembiru yambotaurwa; iyo ine huwandu hwakawanda hwesangano rinosangana nezvinangwa zvakasiyana. Iyo inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri, chekunze (padyo nemukoko) uye nechomukati (padyo nenucleus) uyezve, chine dandemutande rembambo dzinobatsira pakuitika kwemakemikari anoitika mairi.

Chinangwa chechikamu chino chechitokisi ndechekungogadzira akati organelles uye kubatsira mukuvandudzika kwavo kwakakodzera. Pakati pavo zvinokwanisika kuwana rondedzero maseru akatsetseka uye akaomarara endoplasmic maseru, centrioles, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, uye iyo golgi zvishandiso.

Yakatsetseka uye yakaoma endoplasmic reticulum.

Iyo endoplasmic reticulum inotsanangurwa se membrane yakaiswa iyo inogadzira sisitimu yakabatana, iri munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesero remhuka zvinoenderana nemabasa anofanira kuitwa. Izvi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita maviri, iwo akatsetseka uye akaomarara kana endocrine.

• Iyo yakatsetseka inoreva uyo uyo ane chinangwa chekugadzirisa huwandu hwakawanda hwemapididhi anowanikwa musero membrane uye ayo anove nezvimwe zvivakwa. Uye zvakare, iri zvakare chikamu cheiyo nzira yekuburitsa kana kupinza iyo kesi sezvazvinodiwa.
• Kune chikamu chayo, iyo yakaoma ine basa rekugadzira mapuroteni akagadzirira kuendeswa kune mamwe mativi esero, uko mamwe acho, senge izvo zvigadzirwa zveGolgi, anogona kushanda senzira yekuvatumira kunze kwechitokisi.

Centrioles

Mukati me cytoskeleton zvinokwanisika kuwana ma centrioles, ayo ari organelles anoita basa rekutakura zvidimbu kana mamwe ma organelles muchitokisi, pindira mukuita kwema cell division, zvinochengetedza chimiro chesero uye mamwe akawanda mabasa.

• Centrosome: Iwo maCentriole ari mukutarisira kubatana pamwechete kuti vagadzire "diploma" pakati pevaviri vavo, iyo, kuve pamwe chete nezvinhu zveparicentriolar, inova centrosome, iri mukutarisira kuronga ma microtubules.
• Ribosomes: MaRibosomes aripo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemusero wemhuka, senge mune endoplasmic reticulum kana mu mitochondria. Izvi zvinozadzisa mashandiro evashanduri, ayo anogadzira mapuroteni kubva kune ruzivo rwunogamuchirwa kubva kumutumwa RNA.

Lysosomes

Izvi zvinowanzo kuwanikwa mumasero ayo sangana nechinangwa chekubata nezvirwere; sezvo iine kugaya hydrolytic enzymes, ayo anotendera kudzikisira kwemamwe mamorekuru akaomarara. Uyezve, inongowanikwa mumasero eukaryotic.

Mitochondria

Tichifunga injini inobvumidza sero kuti rishande, nekuti inoshandura zvinovaka muviri kuita huni dzemasero; iyo inoumbwa neATP, inova simba readenosine triphosphate.

Zvishandiso zveGolgi

Iyo ndiyo sisitimu ye membrane inowanikwa mukati mechitokisi kuitira kugovera nekugadzirisa mapuroteni anogadzirwa mune akaomarara kana endocrine reticulum.

Musero wesero

Iyo organelle inonzi cell cell iri pakati pemasero emhuka uye inoumbwa nenyukireya membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin uye nucleolus.

• Membrane kana envelopu envelopu: Inoumbwa nechimiro chinodzivirira kana kudimbura kosi kubva kune zvimwe zvikamu zvinoumba sero remhuka, iro rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: chikamu chemukati nechokunze chikamu. Basa rayo ndere kupa nzvimbo inokodzera kudhindwa kweDNA muRNA uye, zvakare, kubvumira ruzivo kubva kuRNA kushandurwa kuva protein.
• Nucleoplasm: Iyo inozivikanwawo se cariplasma kana nyukiliya cytosolNdiyo "semi-liquid" inowanikwa muchikamu chemukati checell nucleus; uko chromatin uye nucleoli inowanikwa. Izvi zvinoitirwa kubvumira kusangana kwemakemikari kunoitika mukati meiyo nucleus.
  • Chromatin: Chromatin izita rinopihwa chinhu icho chinosanganisira izvo zvinhu zvinoumba genome, ndiko kuti, mapoteini, DNA uye RNA yemakromosomes eukaryotic.
  • Nucleolus: Iyo nucleolus isiri-membrane mamiriro ayo anotarisira kudhindwa kweRNA uye kuumbwa kwe ribosomes; Kune izvi, maitiro senge synthesis yeARENr kana iyo musangano wemapuroteni anopindira. Kune rimwe divi, zvakare rinozadzisa mabasa senge kudzora kutenderera kwemasero, kutungamira kwavo kunetseka kupindura uye kupindira mukukwegura kwavo

Izvi ndizvo zvikamu zvemasero eukaryotic aripo mumhuka uye mashandiro eimwe neumwe; Isu tinoshuvira kuti ruzivo rwange rwakave nyore kunzwisisa uye chero mibvunzo, bhokisi remhinduro rinowanikwa kuti ushandise. Tinokukoka iwe kuti ugovane zvirimo pane ako masocial network, pamwe imwe yeshamwari dzako inogona kufarira.