Iwo makumi maviri nemasere anomiririra Vanyori vekuratidzika

"Romanticism" inofungidzirwa seboka rezvetsika dzakaitika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kuUnited Kingdom neGerman, yaive nechinangwa chekurwisa neoclassicism uye kufunga kwakamisikidzwa mukutaura kwounyanzvi, kuitira kuti zviite . sarudza manzwiro pamusoro pezvimwe zvacho.

Sangano iri harina kungova nemhedzisiro huru munyika dzese dzeEurope, asi rakazosvikawo kuAmerican continent uko rakagamuchirwa nemaoko maviri uye rakagamuchirwa nevazhinji maartist ezvinyorwa, kupenda uye mimhanzi yenguva iyoyo. Naizvozvo, pane huwandu hwakawanda uye akasiyana vanyori vekuratidzika.

Sangano rekunyora Rudo

Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti izvo zvinonzi Romanticism ndeye tsika yekufamba. Yakaonekwa kekutanga pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuitira kutyora zvakataurwa neNeoclassicism uye kusarudza kuzvidzivirira kumanzwiro nekufungidzira.

Muzana ramakore regumi nemanomwe rakaonekwa kekutanga muEngland, kunyangwe ichiturikirwa sechinhu chisiri chaicho. Kune rimwe divi, kuGerman rakashandurwa serekare. Nyika yega yega yakapa chirevo chakati asi ichokwadi kuti kunyangwe paine mutsauko pakutanga, raive rekutanga tsika tsika dzakapinda muEurope yose. Yakatangira muFrance, pamwe neSpain, Germany kana United Kingdom ye putsa nepfungwa dzakasimbiswa uye utsvage rusununguko.

Zvinonzi gare gare, Romanticism inogona kutsanangurwa senzira iyoyo yekunzwa nenzira yakanyanyisa, kune iwe pachako kana kune zvakasikwa. Kuvandudzwa kwaro muSpain kwaive zvishoma gare gare pamwe nepfupi, asi kwakanyanya. Iyo huru apogee yaive pakati pemakore 1800 na1850.

Hunhu hweRudo.

• Vakadzivirira rusununguko pamwe nebasa risati rapera kana risina kukwana.
• Paive nekukosha kwakawanda kweiyo pfungwa iyo yaive yakasiyana pane isiri yeyakajairika.
• Kugadzira kwakatonga isati yateedzerwa.
• Inosimbisa iwe pachako uye kuzviisa pasi.
• Mumabasa iwo manzwiro akananga kune chisinganzwisisike kana kushushikana anozoonekwa.
• Pfungwa dzerudo dzichanzvenga nzanga maanogara.

Ndeapi vanyori vekuratidzika?

Gustavo Adolfo Becquer

Nyanduri uye murondedzeri wenhau akazvarwa kuSpain musi waKukadzi 17, 1836 uye akafa nechirwere cherurindi musi waZvita 22, 1870. Baba vake vaive mupendi (José Domínguez Insausti) naamai vake Joaquina Bastida Vargas.

Gustavo aizivikanwa muhupenyu, asi zvakatozosvika pakufa kwake ndipo pakazozivikanwa mabasa ake. Pakati pevakakurumbira pane avo vanowanikwa mu "Rhymes uye Nhoroondo", Sezvo vari ivo chinhu chekudzidza zvinyorwa zvinotaura chiSpanish.

Kunyangwe aive munyori weimwe budiriro muhupenyu, pasina kupokana, kukoshesa kwake kukuru kwakamuka mushure mekufa kwake. Basa rinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndere 'Rhymes uye Nhoroondo'. Iyo seti yenyaya dzakauya pamwechete kuti dzipe hupenyu kune rimwe remabhuku makuru emabhuku edu. Kubva achiri mudiki kwazvo, akasarudza kudhirowa sehama yake. Aive nherera mudiki chaizvo ndokuenda kunogara natete. Kunyangwe ichi chokwadi chaizoratidza hunhu hwake hwaigara huchifunga kusava netariro. Ngano, theatre uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvichagarawo zviri mundangariro dzebasa rake guru.

Nyaya inoenderana:

30 mitsara naGustavo Adolfo Bécquer inozoita kuti unzwe wakakosha

Jose de Espronceda

Mudetembi wechiSpanish aifunga semumiriri wenguva yeRomantic muSpain. Akazvarwa munaKurume 25, 1808 uye akafa aine makore makumi matatu nemana muna 34 kubva kudiptheria. Mudzidzisi wake aive mudetembi ane mukurumbira Alberto Lista.

Pakati pemabasa ake tinowana isina kukwana novel "El Palayo" uye imwe novel inonzi "Sancho Saldaña". Zvisinei, nhetembo dzake dzaive nemhedzisiro mushure mekutanga vhoriyamu muna 1840 mairi maratidziro ehunyanzvi echirudo; vane mukurumbira ndivo "Mudzidzi weSalamanca" uye "El Diablo Mundo", pamwe ne "Canto a Teresa" uye "Canción del pirata".

Mariano Jose de Larra

Ndiye zvakare mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa vanyori veSpanish vekuratidzika, pamwe naBeccquer naEspronceda. Akazvarwa muna 1809 uye akafa muna 1837, aive munyori, wezvematongerwo enyika uye mutori wenhau. Mabasa aMariano José de Larra aive:

• Macias.
• Iyo doncel yaDon Enrique Anoshungurudza.
• Verenga Fernán González uye kuregererwa kwaCastilla.

Akanyora zvinopfuura mazana maviri ezvinyorwa, nekudaro achisimudzira rondedzero. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti dzimwe nguva akaburitsawo pasi pemamwe mazita ekunyepera akadai se: Figaro, Duende kana Bachelor. Spain yaizove iri yepakati axis yebasa rake, nenzira inosetsa. Pamwe naEspronceda kana Bécquer, ndiye mumwe weakanyanya kukosha manhamba eRoma.

Ishe bryron

Mumwe wevanyori vanomiririra zvemazuva ano pasi rose uye mutsika dzeChirungu, sezvo ari mudetembi wechiRungu uyo, pamusoro pekudzidzira nhetembo, aionekwawo semunhu akakurumbira munguva yake nekuda kwekukwezva uye hunhu. Akazvarwa muna 1788 muLondon uye akafira kuGreece muna 1824.

Iye aive munyori wenhamba yakakura yemabasa, senge Maawa Akashata, Mwenga weAbydos, The Giaour, Lara, Chihebheru Melodies, Kukombwa kweKorinde, Kaini, Iyo Bronze Age, Don Juan, pakati pevamwe.

Victor Hugo

Victor Hugo ndomumwe weiyo vadetembi vanozivikanwa, vanyori venhau nevanyori vemitambo yenguva iyoyoVictor, anobva kuFrance, akazvarwa mu1802 muParis uye akafa muna 1885 muguta rimwe chete. Uye zvakare, aive zvakare wezvematongerwo enyika uye ane hunhu hunhu panguva iyoyo.

Mabasa ake akasiyana zvakanyanya nekuda kwenzvimbo dzese dzakagadziridzwa nemhizha, senge:

Semunyori wenhau akaburitsa mabasa mapfumbamwe (senge Bug-Jargal, makumi mapfumbamwe nematatu, Mukadzi Wedu weParis, Vashandi veGungwa neMurume Anoseka); apo semunyori akaburitsa anodarika gumi nemashanu mabasa, senge "Guva neruva" uye "Ndiani anoda haararame."

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann aive munyori wemitambo, munyori wenhau, mudetembi uye musayendisiti akaberekerwa kuGerman muna 1749, akafa nechirwere chemwoyo pazera remakore makumi masere nemaviri muna 82. Uyu ndiye mumwe wevakanyanya. mumiriri wesangano rerudo uye zveGerman, sezvo mhuka iri kutarisira kufambisa tsika yenyika ino kutenderera pasirese, inotora zita rekuti Goethe sezita rayo.

Kune rimwe divi, mabasa ake akashanda sekurudziro kune vamwe vazhinji maartist. Pakati pavo, mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndi "Wilhelm Meister", kunyange zvichikwanisika kuwana vamwe vazhinji vakaita sa "Faust" uye "Nhetembo uye Chokwadi"; apo iye aivewo munyori we "Dzidziso Yemavara."

George Isaacs

Munyori wenhetembo uye mudetembi anobva kuColombia, uyo akazvarwa muna 1837 ndokufa nemarariya muna 1895. Ndiye mumwe we vanyori veLatin American romanticism, rakaburitsa mabhuku maviri akaita kuti rive nemukurumbira Chekutanga ibhuku renhetembo rakaburitswa muna 1864; nepo yechipiri iri novel María, iyo yaakaburitsa muna 1867 uye ine shanduro mumitauro inopfuura makumi matatu.

Esteban Echeverria

Zvakare mumwe wevanyori veLatin America wesangano iri. Esteban Echeverría aive Nyanduri weArgentina uye munyori akaberekwa muna 1805, uyo akafa neLeukemia muna 1851. Ichi chaive chikamu che "Generation ye37" inozivikanwa.

Mabasa ake makuru ndeaya "Iyo yekuuraira"(Nyaya yekutanga yeArgentina panoshandiswa chokwadi),"Socialist Dzidziso"(Yakashanda kugadzira bumbiro remutemo ra1853) uye"Musungwa".

Mary shelley

Inozivikanwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana nekuda kwemipiro yayo semuzivi weBritish, munyori wemitambo, munyori wenhau uye munyori wenyaya. Akazvarwa muLondon muna 1791 uye akafa muna 1851 kubva pabundu repfungwa.

Pakati pemabasa ake akanakisa zvinokwanisika kuwana Nhetembo dzaPercy Bysshe Shelley, Falkner, Lodore, Munhu Wokupedzisira, Nhetembo Dzakanyorwa naPercy Bysshe Shelley, Mathilda, pakati pevamwe.

Jose Marble

Zvakare pakati peLatin America tinowana mumiriri munyori saJosé Mármol, wekuArgentina uyo akazvarwa muna 1817 ndokufa muna 1871, aive wezvematongerwo enyika, murondedzeri wenhau, mutori wenhau uye mudetembi wenguva iyoyo uye aive wechikwata ichi.

ari mabasa erudo Vakatanhamara vaJosé ndevaya: semunyori, bhuku "Cantos del peregrino" uye "Poesías" kana "Harmonías"; achiri munhandare akamira kuti "El cruzado" uye "El poeta".

Alexandre Dumas

Anozivikanwa zvakare saAlexander Dumas, iye mutambi wemitambo uye munyori wechiFrench kwakabva, uyo akazvarwa muna 1802 ndokufa muna 1870 nekuda kwesitiroko. Mabasa ake akasiyana zvakanyanya sezvo aiita mumhando dzakasiyana senge mapfupi, evana, anotyisa, enhoroondo enganonyorwa, pakati pevamwe.

Tinogona kusarudza pakati pavo vese "Mweya usati waberekwa", "Rwendo rwekuenda kuMwedzi", "Mambo weBowling", "Vatatu musketeers", "The Count of Montecristo", "The Count of Hermann" uye "Cristina ".

Giacomo Leopardi

Ndiye mumwe wevanotungamira vanyori vekudanana muItaly, akazvarwa munharaunda iyoyo muna 1798 uye akafa nekorera muna 1837 aine makore makumi matatu nemasere. Giacomo akashanda semuzivi, nyanzvi, mudetembi, uye philologist.

Basa rake rakakosha kwazvo munhetembo raive bhuku "Canzoni" rakaburitswa muna 1824; kunyangwe muunganidzwa wechipiri wenhetembo yake unonzi "Versi", iyo yakaburitswa muna 1826, inomirawo.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

SaIshe Bryan naWilliam Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) ndemumwe wevamiriri vevanyori vevanyori muEngland munguva yeRomantic uye nhasi; uyo aive mutsoropodzi, mudetembi, muzivi uye shamwari huru yaWordsworth.

Mune nhetembo akasimuka ne "Lyrical Ballands", maari "The Nightingale"Uye" Rwiyo rwekufamba kwechikepe. " Zvakare Christabel uye "Nhetembo dzekukurukurirana"; apo akange akamirawo mune mamwe marudzi senge theatre, prose uye basa rinonzi "Biographia literaria" kwaakaratidzira hunyanzvi hwake mumatavi akasiyana.

Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand

Mumiriri, munyori uye wezvematongerwo enyika wekuFrance kwakazvarwa muna 1768 ndokufa muna 1848, yaive Viscount yeChateaubriand. Maererano nenyanzvi, ndiye mumwe wevatangi vesangano iri muFrance, izvo zvinomuisa pakati pevanyori vanotungamira veRomanism.

Pakati pemabasa ake tinowana Atalá, René, Les Martyrs, Essai sur les revolutions, Mémoires d'outr-tombe uye Vie de Rancé.

Walter scott

Munyori weScotland uye mudetembi uyo aizivikanwa nekupa kwake ku rudo rweBritish, iyo zvakare yakakwanisa kushambadza mabasa ake munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi uye nokudaro ichiwana kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese; chimwe chinhu chisina kujairika kwenguva yacho.

Kunyangwe yaive yakakurumbira munguva yayo, nhasi haisi imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa, asi ichine zvekare zvekare zvisingagone kukanganwa. Pakati pavo tinowana Mwoyo waMidlothian ó Ivanhoe, semuenzaniso.

William Wordsworth

Kunze kwekuve mumwe wevanyori vanozivikanwa vebato iri, mupiro wake mukuru waive mumhando yenhetembo; chikonzero nei ichionekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kukosha uye anomiririra vadetembi veChirungu romanticism. William Wordsworth akaberekwa muna 1770 ndokufa muna 1850 ava nemakore makumi masere.

Mabasa ake anomiririra mamwe maitiro, senge mamiriro, mavara, madingindira, mutauro, pakati pevamwe; izvo zvinogona kuoneka mumabasa ake anozivikanwa senge Mucheki wega, Hutange, Ndakadzungaira Ndoga segore, matafura akatendeuka uye zvimwe zvakawanda.

William Blake

Yakanga iri yemupendi weChirungu uye mudetembi uyo akaberekerwa muLondon muna 1757 ndokufa muna 1827, izvo zvaisazivikanwa munguva yake asi izvo mumakore zvakazowana mukurumbira; ichifungidzirwa nhasi pakati pevanyanzvi veBritish.

Mabasa ake enhetembo aimboenzanisirwa, izvo zvaisamupa kuzivikanwa kwaaikodzera; kusvikira nhasi tinogona kubatanidza zvese hunyanzvi kuti tinzwisise uye tikoshese mabasa ake nemaziso akasiyana. Pakati pemabhuku ake akavhenekerwa isu tinowana Zvitendero zvese zvakangofanana, pakati pevasina kuvhenekerwa pane "Nhetembo Sketches"Uye pakupedzisira, mune akaenzanisirwa isu tinowana"Pfungwa dzehusiku", Iyo yakanyorwa naEdward Young.

Oscar musango

Nyanduri weIrish, munyori uye munyori wemitambo, uyo akazvarwa muna 1854 ndokufa muna 1900 aine makore makumi mana nemana. Akashandisa iyo mbiru dzerudo kuenda kune mamwe matavi, senge aestheticism; Kunze kwezvo, iye zvakare aive nehupenyu huviri nekuda kwekuda kwake pabonde.

Pakati pemabasa ake akatanhamara tinowana yakakurumbira nhoroondo yenhoroondo "Mufananidzo waDorian Grey", "Kukosha kwekudaidzwa kuti Ernesto" uye "Iye Akanaka Murume", uye zvinyorwa zvake zvazvazvino "De Profundis" uye "The Balld of Reading", iyo yakanyorwa mutirongo.

John Keats

Akazvarwa muLondon muna 1795 uye akafira muRome muna 1821, anga ari mudetembi weBritish ari pakati pevanyori vanomiririra verudo. Kunyangwe achingorarama makore makumi maviri nemashanu, iye akapa chakakura che anokosha anoshanda echirungu zvinyorwa, kwaakanyora zvakanakisa nguva pfupi asati afa kubva kune tibhii.

Pakati pemabasa ake tinowana "Endymion: kudetemba kudanana", "Hyperion", "Iyo Shining Star", "Lamia nedzimwe nhetembo", pakati pevamwe.

Edgar Allan Poe

Mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa uye vanozivikanwa vanyori vekuratidzika. Edgar Allan poe aive munyori weAmerica, mutsoropodzi, mudetembi, uye mutori wenhau. Anozivikanwa nemipiro yake kuzvinyorwa zvipfupi, zvinyorwa zvegothic, nyaya dzinotyisa, uye nyaya dzevatikitivha.

Mabasa ake akasiyana chaizvo, pakati pawo Katsi nhema, Tsime, Pendulum, Mhosva dzeMorge Street, MUFANANIDZO wedenderedzwa, moyo unotaurisa, pakati pevamwe.

Emily Bronte

Munyori weBritish (1818-1848) anozivikanwa nekuda kwebasa rake "Wuthering Heights", inova chikamu chekare zvinyorwa zveChirungu. Akashandisa mazita ekunyepedzera pamwe nehanzvadzi dzake kuviga murume kana mukadzi, nekuti panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakanyanya kuomera vakadzi kuziva basa ravo.

Friedrich Schiller

Muzivi, munyori wemitambo, mudetembi uye munyori wenhoroondo akazvarwa kuGerman muna 1759, akafa neTuberculosis muna 1805 aine makore makumi mana nemashanu. Ndiyo imwe ye vanonyanya kuzivikanwa vanyori vemitambo munyika uye neRomantic kufamba, saGoethe. Kunze kwezvo, nhetembo dzake ndedzimwe dzinozivikanwa kwazvo pasi rose.

Mabasa ake anosanganisira madrama akadai sa "Kabale und Liebe", madiki mabasa akadai se "Kurega basa" uye zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvakaita se "Anmut und Würde".

Alessandro manzoni

Mutauri uye mudetembi akazvarwa kuItaly muna 1785, uyo akafira munyika imwechete pazera remakore makumi masere nemasere muna 88 nekuda kwechirwere chengono. Ichi ndicho chimwe cheanonyanya kuzivikanwa mumabhuku eItaly, nekuda kwerimwe renhau dzake

nhoroondo "Mwenga nemuroori."

Jane Austen

Mutori wenhau weBritish akazvarwa muna 1775 naSteventon, avo vakafa nechirwere cherurindi muna 1817. Zvakare mumwe weakakurumbira ezvinyorwa zveChirungu uye vanyori vakasarudzika veRomanism.

Pakati penyaya dzake dzakatanhamara tinowana "Kudada uye Kufungira", "Emma" uye "Sense uye Sensibility"; nepo mamwe mabasa akadai sa "Lady Susan" kana "Los Watson" akawana mukurumbira.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Chimwe chezvinyorwa vanyori vekufungidzira, uyo akaberekwa muna 1712 ndokufa muna 1778 aine makore makumi matanhatu nematanhatu. Aive muSwitzerland pedagogue, muimbi, botanist, munyori uye Naturalist.

Pakati pemabasa ake makuru ekunyora tinowana "Chibvumirano chemagariro", "Hurukuro pamusoro pekutanga kwekusaenzana pakati pevarume", "Julia kana iyo itsva Eloisa" uye "Emilio, kana Dzidzo".

Heinrich Heine

Akazvarwa muParis muna 1797 uye akafa muna 1856. Aionekwa semumwe wevanonyanya kudetemba panguva iyoyo. Zvichida, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuti zvinonzi aive mudetembi wekupedzisira werudo. Aive akabudirira kwazvo neyake 'Bhuku renziyo'.

Munguva yehupenyu hwomunyori, akasangana neyakaverengeka gumi nemaviri edhisheni. Zvinonzi mushure make, akapa rwiyo nerumwe mutauro chaiwo. Hupenyu hwake hwaive hwakakumikidzwa kune zvematongerwo enyika, utapi venhau uye zvinyorwa. Ichokwadi kuti kunze kwebasa rake, zvinonzi aive nehupenyu hwakasurukirwa.

Novalis 

Rimwe zita rinofanirawo kutaurwa ndiNovalis. Icho chirevo chekunyepedzera chakagamuchirwa nemunyori, Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg. Aive mumwe wevamiriri vekutanga kudanana. Akazvarwa muna 1772 uye akafa muna 1801. Pakati pemabasa ake tinogona kuburitsa 'Nziyo dzehusiku' nezvimedu 'Polen naFaith uye Rudo'.

Akanyorawo a nhetembo muunganidzwa uyo dingindira raive rechitendero ndokusiya akati wandei asina kukwana mabasa uye maviri zvinyorwa. Misoro yake yaaifarira yaive nehunhu seye protagonist kana kudzidza kwemigodhi, nekuti basa rake raitarisa pakuve muongorori wemigodhi yemunyu.

Alfred de Musset

Aive munyori wechiFrance akazvarwa muna 1810 uye akafa muna 1857. Pamusoro pekuve munyori uye ari murudo, haana kupotsa chishuwo chake chekudzidza zvemishonga, pamwe nekudhirowa kana mutemo. Izvo zvinonzi ndiye aive wekutanga kutora iyo yekudanana aesthetic. Nhetembo dzake dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndedze 'Rolla nehusiku huna'. 'Los caprichos de Mariana' kana 'Las castañas del fuego' mamwe emabasa ake.

Ava vaive vamwe vevanyori vakakurumbira vekuratidzika kwerudo panguva iyoyo, avo vakabatsira zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwezvinyorwa nemupiro wemabasa makuru senge iwo ataurwa mune yega yega.

Main mabasa erudo 

• Prose: Mariano José de Larra nezvinyorwa zvepepanhau senge 'Kuroora nekukurumidza uye zvakashata'. 'Les miserables' naVíctor Hugo uye nyaya pfupi naEdgar Allan Poe mimwe mimwe mienzaniso yekutarisa yakadai se'The Three Musketeers 'kana' The Count of Monte Cristo 'naAlecandre Dumas.
• Nhetembo: José de Espronceda uye 'Mudzidzi weSalamanca'. Inoonekwa seimwe yenhetembo dzakanakisa. Iyo yakavakirwa pamusoro wenyaya waDon Juan, uko kunotaurwa nyaya yaFeliksi naElvira. Bécquer's 'Rimas' ndeimwe enhoroondo huru dzeRomanism.
• Teatro (madrama): Pasina kupokana, isu tinofanirwa kutaura José Zorrilla nebasa rake 'Don Juan Tenorio'. Ndiye mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha kunyora. Zvakare naLarra nebasa rake 'Macías'.

Kana iwe uchida kugovera zvemukati nezvemunyori kana kutaura izvo zvatakanganwa, iwe wakasununguka kuzviita kuburikidza nezvakataurwa. Kana iwe uchida, iwe unogona zvakare kuverenga zvimwe zve nhetembo dzerudo mumiririri uye kuti iwe unowana mune iyi link yatichangobva kukusiya.