Ababhali ababalaseleyo baseLatin American

“KuLatin America, ababhali bacingelwa njengababhukuqi okanye iifagots,amakhoboka eziyobisi y amaxoki. Ngaphakathi emazantsi, mhlawumbi yile nto siyiyo. " URoberto Bolaño.

Uncwadi lwaseLatin American luhambo lwabaninzi, kodwa ngelishwa ukungazi ngokupheleleyo kwabanye. Ibalile ngedatha yayo yezembali, imestizo, ubume bayo kunye neenkcazo zezona zixeko zibalaseleyo zamazwe aseLatin, apho abalinganiswa bahlala benza i-adventure ebalulekileyo. Imixube yentsomi kunye nenyani, iitoliki ezigcina i-idiosyncrasy enjalo eyenza ukuba umfundi abone into ayithandayo. Kunokuthiwa yinto ebhaliweyo eyahlukileyo kwaye eyonwabisayo ukuba ixesha elininzi aliboneleli nje ukonwaba okungacacanga kodwa kunye nedatha kunye nolwazi olubeka kwimeko malunga nommandla apho ibali abaliswayo lenzeka khona.

Ababhali abaphambili base Latin America

Emva koko, siza kunika omnye wababhali baseLatin American abafumene ukwamkelwa ngegalelo abalwenzileyo kulo msebenzi nakwilizwe labo njengenxalenye inkcubeko. Aba babhali bazibonele ngawabo amaxesha ahlukeneyo, amazwe, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo, iimeko zoqoqosho kunye namanye amava anefuthe kwisenzo sokubala kwaye enza umahluko kumagama abo.

UROBERTO BOLAÑO ÁVALOS

Yayiyiyo Umbhali waseChile kunye nembongi, owaphumelela ibhaso le-Premio Herralde ngo-1998 kunye ne-Rómulo Gallegos Award ngo-1999. Nangona wayesele eqatshelwe kakhulu ebomini, kwakusemva kokusweleka kwakhe awathi waqhubeka nokufumana impumelelo ngamagama akhe, esiba ngomnye wababhali abanempembelelo kwiLatin American. .

Imisebenzi yakhe, apho abacuphi abakhohlakeleyo kunye no-2666 babonakala, beguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi, kubandakanya isiNgesi, isiFrentshi, isiJamani, isiTaliyane? kunye nesiDatshi. Ukongeza, izihloko ezibini ezikhankanywe kunye nenoveli "inkwenkwezi ekude" zibekwe kwiindawo zokuqala ezili-15 zoluhlu "lweencwadi ezili-100 ezilungileyo kulwimi lwaseSpain kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo" ezenziwe ngabagxeki boncwadi kunye nababhali ngokubaluleka ngokulinganayo .

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ukusweleka kwakhe, umbhali wayeneekhontrakthi zokupapasha ezingama-37 kumazwe ali-10 kwaye ngaphezulu kweenyanga inyuke yaya kupapasho ezingama-50 kunye neenguqulelo ezingama-49 kumazwe ali-12.

Kumsebenzi kaBolaño kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo, ezibandakanya inoveli, amabali amafutshane, imibongo, iintetho zoncwadi kunye nezincoko.

• Iinoveli zakhe zezi: Iingcebiso ezivela kuMfundi kaMorrison kuJoyce Fan; Elephants Irinki; Uncwadi lwamaNazi eMelika; Inkwenkwezi ekude; Abacuphi basendle; Ukukhusela; Ubusuku beChile; Antwerp kunye nenoveli yesigaxa. Emva kokubhubha kwakhe, ezingama-2666 XNUMX zapapashwa; Ulawulo lwesithathu; Iingxaki zepolisa lokwenyani; UMoya weSci-Fi kunye neCowboy Graves.
• Namabali akhe: iminxeba kunye namahenyukazi abulalayo. Ngemiba yokufa kwakhe efana ne-gaucho engapheliyo, idayari yebar kunye nemfihlo yobubi.

Uphumelele amabhaso asibhozo.

UJULIO FLORENCIO CORTÁZAR

Umbhali, umguquleli kunye nokunye ukubhala kwesihobe. Uthathwa njengomnye wababhali ababaluleke kakhulu abathetha iSpanish ngendlela yakhe yokubhala yokulinga eyahlaziya kwaye yaphula imigaqo yorhwebo. Yayivele ibali elifutshane, iprozi kunye nokubalisa ngokubanzi.

Into enolwazelelelo malunga noCortázar sisimbo se-surreal, Okumphakamisayo kwabanye ababhali baseLatin American, uhamba phakathi kwento emnandi kunye neyinyani, kukhokelela kubunyani bokwenyani obuthi ngokwamayelenqe abafundi.

Ngaphandle kokuba eyiArgentina, umbhali wakhetha ubuzwe baseFrance ngezizathu zokunyanzelwa kwezomkhosi kwilizwe lakhe. Usivumela ukuba sixabise uninzi lwezi ndawo zimbini kwimisebenzi yakhe, eziye zaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo; yeyona i "Hopscotch" eyaziwayo eneenguqulelo ezingama-30 ezahlukeneyo, nokuba e-China kukho ukungcola ngesi-Mandarin.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa yendlela uHopscotch abhalwe ngayo kwaye anokufundwa ngayo, ithathwa njengenye yeenoveli zokuqala ze-surrealist eArgentina.

Unenqwaba yokuqonda okungaphaya kwamabhaso, afana nezikwere kunye namaziko emfundo abizwa ngegama lakhe, kunye nezikhumbuzo zakhe kunye nezalathiso.

• Iinoveli zakhe zezi: Amabhaso; IHopscotch; 62 Imodeli eyakhiwayo; Incwadi kaManuel; Ukutshintsha; Uviwo, kwaye emva koko isahluko sangaphandle sale noveli sashicilelwa njengencwadi: Idayari kaAndrés Fava.
• Amabali akhe aquka: Kumho; Umdlalo udlulile; Izixhobo eziyimfihlo; Yonke imililo umlilo; Octahedron; Umntu olapha phandle; Simthanda kakhulu uGlenda; IDeshora kunye nolunye unxweme.

UGABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ

Ukongeza ekubeni ngumbhali, wayeyintatheli yaseColombia, umhleli kunye nombhali wesikrini. Ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo nobunyani bemilingo ngenxa yembali yemisebenzi yakhe kunye nendlela yokubhala, edibanisa inyani kunye nefantasy. Ufumene ibhaso likaNobel kuNcwadi ngo-1982.

Phakathi kwezona zibhengezo zakhe zibalaseleyo ligalelo lakhe kubuntatheli ngenxa yendlela yakhe yokubhala kwiingxelo, udliwanondlebe kunye nezinye iintlobo zobuntatheli eziye zanyusa zaza zaguqula indlela yokubhala kumaphephandaba abhaliweyo kwilizwekazi.

Owona msebenzi wakhe mkhulu, okanye uthathelwa ingqalelo ziingcali, yinoveli iMinyaka eliKhulu yokuZimela wedwa, ekwamele intshukumo yoncwadi lwe-surreal kwaye inenani elikhulu leenguqulelo kwiilwimi ezininzi. Ngapha koko, uMbutho weeMfundo eziFundisayo zoLwimi lwaseSpain kunye neRoyal Spanish Academy bapapasha ushicilelo lwesikhumbuzo ngo-2007 beyithatha njengenye yeeklasikhi ezinkulu zaseSpain ngalo lonke ixesha. Into enomdla enxulunyaniswe nalo mbhalo kukuba ayifakwanga, ngeveki ithengise malunga ne-8000 iikopi.

Ebizwa ngokuba yi-apocope yakhe, uGabo, ongomnye wababhali ababalaseleyo baseLatin American, wayenza yacaca into yokuba wayengenaso isitayile esithile kuba wayehlala efuna ukuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo kulowo nalowo msebenzi, ngaphandle kwento yokuba kukho ukufana okubonakalayo kokubhaliweyo. . Kwisihlandlo esinye wathi zonke iitekisi zakhe zazisekwe kwinyani.

Inyani ephikisanayo eyamenza waduma yayisisikhundla sakhe sezopolitiko kunye nobuhlobo awabugcinayo noFidel Castro.

Phakathi kwesixa-mali sokunikwa kwamabhaso ubukhulu becala, siqaqambisa ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwendlu awazalelwa kuyo eguqulwe yayimyuziyam; Izitalato ezininzi ezinegama lakhe, iziko lenkcubeko kunye nothotho lwamatikiti aphethe umfanekiso wakhe.  

• Iinoveli zakhe zezi: Inkunkuma; I-colonel ayinabani wokumbhalela; Iyure embi; Iminyaka elikhulu yokuba wedwa; Ukwindla koBhishophu omkhulu; Ingxelo Yokufa Okuxelwe Kwangaphambili; Uthando ngamaxesha echolera; Jikelele kwi-labyrinth yakhe; Zothando nezinye iidemon kunye neMemori yehenyukazi lam elibuhlungu.
• Ngokumalunga namabali akhe: Imingcwabo kaMama Omkhulu; Ibali elimangalisayo nelibuhlungu lika-Eréndira ongumgqwetha kunye nomakhulu wakhe ongenantliziyo; Amehlo eBlue Dog (ukudityaniswa kwamabali akhe okuqala) kunye neentsomi ezilishumi elinambini zePilgrim.

UJORGE MARIO PEDRO VARGAS LLOSA

Ibhaso likaNobel kuLwazi loncwadi lowe-2010, ungomnye wababhali baseLatin America- abasePeruvia- nabo banobuzwe baseSpain. Wahlala phakathi komthetho neeleta, ethatha yomibini imisebenzi. Ukongeza kubugcisa bokubhala, awaziwa ngokubanzi njengombhali wenoveli, ukwaziwa njengombhali wale mihla.

Ihlala ibalasele kumabali ayo, kwimixholo yezopolitiko nakwimbali kwaye nangona bahlala ePeruvia, banomoya kunye neentlanganiso kwiindawo zaseYurophu kuba umbhali ebehlala kwelo lizwekazi, phakathi ISpain, iBritani, iSwitzerland neFrance.

Phakathi kweenoveli zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu ezamnika udumo, isixeko kunye neenja, indlu eluhlaza, incoko kwiCathedral, ePantaleón kunye neendwendwe kunye nomthendeleko webhokhwe.

• Ukongeza kwezi sele zikhankanyiwe, ezinye iinoveli zakhe zezi: Umakazi Julia kunye nombhali; Imfazwe yokuphela kwehlabathi; Imbali yeMayta; Ngubani owabulala uPalomino Molero ?; Isithethi; Ukunconywa kukamama wesibini; ILituma kwiiAndes; Iincwadi zamanqaku zikaDon Rigoberto; El Paraíso kwelinye ikona; Iimpawu ezimbi zentombazana; Iphupha lamaCelt; IHero eliqondayo kunye neekona ezintlanu.
• Amabali akhe: Abaphathi, kunye namantshontsho.

UVargas Llosa wayekwangumguquleli we-Unesco kwaye ngo-1990 wayenjalo Umgqatswa wobongameli buka-Peru. Uye wanikwa neNkosana yeAsturias Award yoNcwadi kunye neMbasa yeCervantes.

UJORGE FRANCISCO ISIDORO LUIS BORGES ACEVEDO

I-Borges ithathwa njengomnye wababhali abadumileyo baseLatin American kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ukongeza, umsebenzi wakhe ubonakaliswa ngokubonakala kwindalo iphela, enemixholo eyahlukeneyo nokutolika, enezincoko, amabali, imibongo kunye nohlalutyo.

Enye yezinto ezimfanisayo kukuyilwa kwakhe kokuma komhlaba okunikezelwa kubafundi abaqhelekileyo nakwabo bazinikelayo ekufundeni kunye nemidla yokufunda. Phakathi kwezi panoramas kukho iiFantastic Ontologies, iiSynchronic Genealogies, Utopian Grammars, Romance Geographies, Multiple Universal Stories, Logical Bestiaries, Narrative Ethics, Imaginary Mathematics, Theological Dramas, Geometric Inventions, and Made-Up Memories.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nakwimisebenzi yakhe yezincoko kunye noncwadi kukho ubungqina obunamandla befilosofi obumbeka njengomntu ocinga kakhulu onceda umfundi ukuba abuze ngaphandle kokuba ngumfilosofi.

Inyaniso enomdla kukuba uBorges wonyulwa kwiBhaso likaNobel ngoncwadi phantse iminyaka engama-30. Abaphulaphuli babheja ukuba akaphumelelanga ngenxa yeenjongo zakhe zezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, wafumana elinye inani elikhulu lamabhaso ngaphezulu kwe-15.

Eyaziwa ngokuba ngumlobi "ulwimi oluhle" oluyifanele ukusuka kulwimi, incwadi yakhe ethi Ficciones ingena kwiincwadi ezili-XNUMX ezigqwesileyo ngalo lonke ixesha ngokweNorway Book Club kunye neencwadi ezili-XNUMX ezigqwesileyo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX ngokwephephandaba laseParis iLe Monde.

Emva kweBorges, kukho inani elikhulu lababhali baseLatin American abachaphazeleke kwaye basekwe kuncwadi lo mbhali ubalaseleyo, kwanangoku.

Ngaphandle kwale sele ikhankanyiwe, phakathi kwamabali akhe kukho iMbali yeHlabathi ye-Infamy; UAleph; Ingxelo kaBrodie; Incwadi yeSand kunye neMemori kaShakespeare.

Ingqokelela yemibongo yenziwe nguFervor de Buenos Aires; Inyanga ngaphambili; Incwadana yokubhalela yaseSan Martín; Umenzi; Enye, iyafana; Ngeentambo ezintandathu; Kwindumiso yoMthunzi; Igolide yeengwe; Amanzi enzonzobila anyuka; Ingqekembe yentsimbi; Imbali yobusuku; Umzobo kunye nabaceba iyelenqe.

I-OCTAVIO IRINEO PAZ LOZANO

Ibhaso likaNobel kuLwazi lowe-1990, u-Octavio Paz ngomnye wababhali baseLatin American abasebenza njengempembelelo enkulu kubabhali abohlukeneyo. NjengoBorges, wayeyimbongi kunye nesincoko; kwaye unokwamkelwa kokuba yenye yeembongi ezinkulu ezithetha iSpanish ngalo lonke ixesha.

Esinye sezona zinto zibangela umdla kukuba wabhala inqaku lakhe lokuqala eneminyaka eli-16 esekwe ekubuzeni ikhonkco phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nemibongo, le nto yayinesihloko esithi "imigaqo yokuziphatha kwezobugcisa."

Malunga nesimbo sakhe soncwadi, uOctavio Paz uhlala echazwa njengolingelo kwaye nanjengoko engonelisekanga ngababhali baseLatin America ngento ayivumelayo ukuba ayibone kwangaphambili kwimibhalo yakhe yemibongo; evumela ukuba angabhalwa okanye ahlelwe njengembongi ekhoyo, okanye imbongi ye-neo-modernist, okanye imbongi ye-surrealist, kuba wayedlula kuzo zonke kwaye akazange ahlale nabani na.

Eyona nto iphambili kwimibongo yakhe ziivesi ezinemifanekiso ethi abafundi bayixabise ngobuhle obukhulu. Uvavanyo lwamkhokelela ekubeni enze imibongo yendawo yena ngokwakhe awayeyibiza ngokuba yi "topoemas"; ukuqikelela eli binzana "njengesihobe esiphikisana nesiqhelo esiqhelekileyo nesingavisisaniyo nemibongo".

Umsebenzi wakhe wemibongo ubanzi: Inyanga yasendle; Musa ukudlula !; Ingcambu yomntu; Ngaphantsi kwesithunzi sakho esicacileyo kunye neminye imibongo malunga neSpain; Phakathi kwelitye kunye neentyatyambo; Ekupheleni kwehlabathi kunye nosuku lokuqala, phantsi komthunzi wakho ocacileyo, Ingcambu yomntu, Ubusuku bovuko; Ingqawule; Ukhozi okanye ilanga? (kwiprozi); Imbewu yeculo; Ntombi kaRappaccini (umbongo weqonga).

Ukuqhubeka ne Piedra de sol; Ixesha lobundlobongela; Ingqawule. Umsebenzi wemibongo; Intulo; Umoya uphela; Mhlophe, kubhalwe kwiikholamu ezintathu; ivumela ukufundwa okungafaniyo; IiDisco ezibonakalayo, kunye noVicente Rojo; Ithambeka elingaseMpuma; Topoems; URenga, noJacques Roubaud, uEdoardo Sanguineti noCharles Tomlinson; Inkawu yegrama (kwiprozi); Edlulileyo ngokucacileyo; Buya; Umoya ozelweyo / iHijos del aire, kunye noCharles Tomlinson; Imibongo (1935-1975); Umthi ngaphakathi; Umsebenzi wobunkondlo (1935-1988) kunye neempawu kunye neempawu, kunye noMarie José Paz.

Ababhali baseLatin American ngokuthandana

• "Ndifunde kwangethuba ukuba xa ufuduka uphulukana neentonga ezisebenze njengenkxaso kude kube lelo xesha, kuya kufuneka uqale ekuqaleni, kuba elidlulileyo liyacinywa ngesibetho kwaye akukho mntu ukhathalayo ukuba uvelaphi okanye wenze ntoni ngaphambili. " -Isabel Allende.
• "Utopia ikufuphi. Ndihamba ngezinyuko ezibini, uthabatha amanyathelo amabini kude kwaye umphandle ubaleka amanyathelo alishumi ukuya phambili. Ke isebenza ntoni i-utophy? Ukulungiselela oko, kuluncedo ekuhambeni ". —UEduardo Galeano.
• "Ungayikholelwa le nto bakuxelela yona malunga nehlabathi (nokuba le ndikuxelela yona) besele ndikuxelele ukuba umhlaba awunakubalwa." -UMario Benedetti.
• "Ukufumana ilizwe lakowabo Sisipho ekufuneka sibuyiselwe amaxesha ngamaxesha. " -Gabriela Mistral.
• “Andizange ndiyeke ukuvelisa, kwaye ayenzelwanga umsebenzi wobugcisa okanye ukuba ngumsebenzi wobugcisa. Ndikuthiyile ukusebenza. Yenzelwe ukusinda. Isifo kweli lizwe sibiza kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphandle komdlalo weqonga, ndinesiphukuphuku kancinci ndiyajija isandla sakhe siqhubeke sihamba ”. -UPedro Lemebel.