Iinkcazo zembali yeasidi kunye neziseko

Ixesha elide, izinto ezinempawu ezizodwa ezinomdla omkhulu ziyaziwa kwaye ziyasetyenziswa, ngoku zaziwa njengeeasidi kunye neziseko, ezichazwa njengezinto eziqhelekileyo zemichiza, apho inxenye enkulu inokuphuhliswa khona. iikhompawundi zemichiza kwimithombo yeendaba ezinamanzi.

Kukhona ezinye iimpendulo ezibandakanya iiasidi kunye neziseko, ebizwa ngokuba yi-acid-base, ukuze ifundwe, imigaqo-nkqubo yokulingana kwemichiza kufuneka isetyenziswe kwizisombululo, kolu hlobo lokuphendula kukho into edlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-solvent, kuba iiasidi kunye neziseko Ngokwesiqhelo ukutshintshiselana ngeeproton nayo, enkosi koku kunokubizwa ngokuba kukuphendula kwe-proton

Kumaxesha amandulo kwakusele kusaziwa ukuba okunye ukutya okufana neviniga kunye nelamuni kunencasa yeasidi, nangona bekungekho kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo apho bendisazi isizathu sencasa yaso ekhethekileyo. Igama iasidi ngokwenyani livela kulwimi lwesiLatin lakudala, kanye kwigama lalo elithi "acidus" eliguqulela njengomuncu.

Yintoni iiacidi?

Oku kubizwa njengayo nayiphi na ikhompawundi yekhemikhali ethi xa usiya kwinkqubo yokunyibilika emanzini ivelise isisombululo ngomsebenzi we-hydronium cation omkhulu kunamanzi afanayo kwimo yayo esulungekileyo, kule meko i-pH engaphantsi kwe-7 ibonisiwe.

Nayiphi na into yemichiza enezinto zeasidi ibizwa ngokuba ziiasidi.

Iimpawu zeasidi

Phakathi kwezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kunye neempawu zeasidi zezi zilandelayo.

• Banomgangatho wokuphendula ngezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziziseko, ukuze benze ityuwa kunye namanzi.
• Zonakalise kakhulu ngenxa yezinto zazo.
• Basebenza njengombhexeshi wombane ogqwesileyo kwiindawo ezinomswakama okanye ezinamanzi.
• Bano incasa ekhethekileyo emuncu okanye emuncuUmzekelo woku kunokuba kukutya okuqulathe i-citric acid enje ngeeorenji, iilamuni, iziqhamo zomdiliya, ilamuni, phakathi kwabanye.
• Banokuphendula ngee-oxides zentsimbi ukwenza ityuwa kunye namanzi, njengempendulo abayenzayo ngezinto ezisisiseko.
• Ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba yingozi, kwaye zibangele ukutsha kolusu.
• Inamandla okuvelisa ityuwa kunye ne-hydrogen ngenkqubo yokuphendula ngesinyithi esisebenzayo.
• Inempawu ezenza i-phenolphthalein, kwaye emva koko inokubangela ukuba iphepha le-litmus litshintshe imibala, umzekelo ukusuka kwi-orenji ukuya kubomvu, kunye nokusukela kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kupinki.

Yintoni iZiseko?

Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yialkali, imvelaphi yayo isuka kulwimi lwesiArabhu, ngqo kwigama elithi "Al-Qaly", babizwa njengabo bonke - izinto ezineempawu ze-alkaline, nangona inokuchongwa njengesisombululo esithi xa sifakwe kwisisombululo samanzi sibonakalise ion kumbindi.

Iimpawu zeziseko

UBoyle uzimisele ukuba zonke ezi zinto zinazo ezi zinto zilandelayo.

• Ukuchukumisa kunokuqatshelwa ukuba bayisepha kwindalo.
• Babonakaliswe kukhetho lwabo olukrakra.
• Banazo amandla okuphendula ngeeacidi, ukulungiselela ukuvelisa ityuwa kunye namanzi amaninzi.
• Banokujika iphepha le-litmus ukusuka kubomvu ukuya kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• Ziyanyibilika emanzini, ngakumbi xa kusiziwa kwiihydroxides.
• Uninzi lwezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba ziziseko ziyingozi kulusu lomntu, kuba zineempawu ezonakalisa izicwili.

Nangona u-Boyle kunye nezinye i-chemist ezinkulu bazama amatyeli aliqela ukuchaza ukuba kutheni iiasidi kunye neziseko ziziphatha ngale ndlela, inkcazo yokuqala yeeasidi kunye neziseko azamkelwanga de kwaba li-200 kwiminyaka kamva.

Ukuphendula okusisiseko se-Acid

Ikwaziwa njengempendulo yokungathathi cala, ibizwa ngokuba kukusabela kweekhemikhali okwenzeka phakathi kweasidi kunye nesiseko esikhokelela kwityuwa namanzi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama ityuwa lichaza nayiphi na into eneempawu ze-ionic, ethi i-cation yayo ivele kwisiseko esithile.

Las iimpendulo ezingathathi hlangothi, apho kufuneka kusoloko kukho ubukho beeasidi kunye neziseko, zikwimeko ezininzi ezixhalabisayo, oko kuthetha ukuba bakhulula amandla kwiinkqubo zabo, le mpendulo ibizwa ngokuba yi-neutralizing kuba xa iasidi idityaniswe nesiseko, ezi ziyanciphisana , Ukushiya iipropathi zabo zililize.

Ukuziqhelanisa ne-acid-base reaction

Ukuqala ngenkqubo yokuphelisa ukungaphumeleli, kufuneka ube neflask ye-Erlenmeyer, apho kufakwa khona isisombululo se-asidi ye-hydrochloric, kwaye emva koko amathontsi ambalwa esalathi se-phenolphthalein afakwa, ijika ipinki kwisiseko esiphakathi, kodwa xa ifunyenwe kwindawo eneasidi kwaye ayibonisi mbala, ke ayinambala.

I-acid kunye ne-base neutralizers ziveliswa ngokulinganayo, oko kukuthi, "ilingana-elinganayo", oku kuthetha ukuba i-asidi elinganayo iya kuhlala ingapheliswanga ngokupheleleyo ngokulingana kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lwesiseko.

Emva kwenkqubo edlulileyo, ukubeka i-burette yesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kulandela emva koko kuvulwe itephu ngononophelo kwaye ngokuthe chu, xa isiwa kancinci kancinci, iya kuphendula nge-hydrochloric acid ukwenza amanzi kunye ne-chloride. oku kunesiphumo sokuba i-PH inyuke, kunye namanqanaba e-asidi ancipha.

Nje ukuba yonke iasidi isetyenzisiwe, idrophu elandelayo yesiseko yongezwa kwisisombululo esisisiseko, nesiphumo sokuba isibonisi sijika sibe pinki, oku kuyanceda ukuqonda ukuba iasidi incitshisiwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokubanzi, ubunzima begram obulinganayo buthathelwa ingqalelo kuthathelwa ingqalelo uhlobo lwento, oku kungenxa yokuba izinto zahlukile, nganye inempawu zayo, umzekelo ukubalwa kwetyuwa akufani noko kwe-asidi, ikwaqwalasele nohlobo lwempendulo eyenziwayo, kuba kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokuphendula ubukhulu bezinto bohlukile, ngoko ke ukubalwa akunakusetyenziswa kwakhona.

Ubunzima be-molar ye-asidi eyahlulwe ngenani le-hydrogens enokuhlulwa kuyo ilingana nobunzima begram enye elingana ne-asidi enikiweyo.

Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwesiseko phakathi kwazo zonke ezikhoyo yihydroxide, kwaye iigramu ezilinganayo zichongiwe ngokwahlula ubunzima bayo be-molar ngenani lamaqela e-OH kwihydroxide.

Umthamo wale mpendulo ubalwa ngendlela yefomula, evumela ukuba kungacaciswa iasidi enikiweyo yesiseko yile: Nukuya * Vukuya = Nb* Va, ezokuqala ziipropathi zeasidi kunye neepropathi eziseleyo zesiseko.

Ukubala ukubakho kwesiqhelo kwisisombululo seasidi, umntu kufuneka aqhubeke ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ukubaluleka kwempendulo esisiseko seasidi

Banokubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekisele kubuchule babo njengezixhobo zohlalutyo lobungakanani beevolumu, iinkqubo zazo ezimiselwe njengezihloko ezisisiseko seasidi.

Ukwenza ezi mpendulo Isisombululo sesalathi sihlala sisetyenziswa, Esisebenza njengesikhokelo sokwazi inqaku lokungathathi hlangothi, kunye nokuba ikhula njani, nangona kukho iinkqubo ezithile zombane zokwenza imisebenzi ethile.

Iindidi ezintathu zempendulo zingabonakaliswa ezahlulwe ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zeasidi kunye neziseko, ngakumbi ukuba zibuthathaka okanye zomelele, njengale ilandelayo.

Ukuphendula kweasidi ebuthathaka kunye nesiseko

Kwezi kunokubonwa ukuba i-cation yesiseko, kunye ne-anion ye-asidi iphantsi kwe-hydrolysis, ke i-PH yabo ilingana no> 7 ukuba iasidi ibuthathaka, kwaye ukuba isiseko sibuthathaka ngu <7.

Ukuphendula phakathi kwesiseko esomeleleyo kunye neasidi ebuthathaka

Kule meko, kunokujongwa ukuba kuphela i-anion ye-asidi eya kwi-hydrolysis, ke i-PH yayo ihlala ikwi- <7.

Ukuphendula phakathi kwesiseko esibuthathaka kunye ne-asidi eyomeleleyo

Kolu hlobo lokuphendula, kujongwa kuphela indlela isiseko se-cation esihamba ngayo kwi-hydrolysis, ke i-PH kuyo ihlala> 7.

Ukuze ukhethe ukuba sisiphi isibonakaliso esifanelekileyo kuhlobo ngalunye lokuphendula, kufuneka uyazi ukuba i-PH yokugqibela iya kuba njani, ukuze ubale ngokuchanekileyo indawo yokulingana.

Iinkcazo zembali yempendulo esisiseko seasidi

Kwakukho ezininzi iinkcazo zenkqubo yokuphendula phakathi kweeasidi kunye neziseko, ukubaluleka kokufanayo kubonisiwe ngokomthamo wohlalutyo oluqulathe nganye, nangaphezulu xa isetyenziswa ekupheliseni iimpendulo kwizinto ezinamanzi okanye ezinegesi, okanye xa abalinganiswa kunye neempawu zeasidi kunye neziseko zihlala zingabonakali.

Inkcazo yeAntoine Lavoisier

Ulwazi lweLavoisier lwaluthintelwe kwii-asidi ezomeleleyo ekuqaleni, njengoko zazicacile kwii-oxacids, ezinendawo ephezulu ye-oxidation kwii-atom zazo eziphambili, ezazizungezwe ziiathom zeoksijini, nangona kunjalo wayengenalo ulwazi olugcweleyo ngeeasidi zeasidi, ukwazile ukuseka iiasidi ngokuzichonga njengesiqulatho seoksijini, kuba oku kuye kwafuneka asebenzise isiGrike samandulo ukunika igama lomakhi weasidi.

Le ithiyori okanye inkcazo ibekwe njengoyena ubaluleke kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-30 engakholelekiyo, nangona kunjalo ngo-1810 kwapapashwa inqaku elibonisa ezinye izinto eziphikisanayo neziseko kunye neziseko, ezenza ukuba inkcazo yeLavoisier iphulukane nokuthembeka.

Inkcazo ye-Bronsted-Lowry  

Le nkcazo yenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kwi-1923, iziseko zayo ezinokuthi ziqatshelwe ekubonakaliseni iziseko, ngenkqubo yokuchithwa kwee-asidi, ezinokuthi zichazwe ngokuqonda okukhulu njengamandla e-acids ukuze akwazi ukunikela nge-hydrogen cations kwiziseko, ngubani Qhubeka ukwamkela le nkqubo.

Lo mahluko mkhulu nenkcazo ye-Arrhenius, kuba ayiquki ekwakhiweni kwamanzi netyuwa, kodwa endaweni yoko kudityaniswa iiasidi kunye neziseko, ezifezekiswa kukudluliselwa kweproton engenza i-asidi ukuyizisa kwisiseko.

Kule nkcazo, utshintsho olunamandla lunokujongwa ngokwemigaqo ezaziwa ngayo iiasidi kunye neziseko, kuba iasidi yaziwa njengekhompawundi enesakhono sokunikela ngeproton, ngelixa iziseko zonke ezo zinto zinikwe amandla ukufumana iproton, Ngenxa yoku, kunokuthiwa i-acid-base reaction kukususa i-hydrogen cation kwi-asidi, kwaye ngokungagqibekanga kongezwe oku kwisiseko.

Le nkqubo ifuna ukubhekisa ekuphelisweni kweproton kwi-atom ye-atom, le nkqubo ayikho lula ukuyiphumeza, kuba ukwahlulwa okulula kweeasidi akwanele, kodwa endaweni yoko kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokupheliswa ication hydrogen.

Inkcazo kaLewis

Le nkcazo ibandakanya iziseko zethiyori ye-Bronsted-Lowry kunye nengcinga yokuba oku kucetywayo kwenkqubo yokusombulula, le ithiyori yathunyelwa ngo-1923 ngusokhemisi uGilbert Lewis.

U-Lewis kule nkcazo ucebisa isiseko, awasibiza ngokuba "sisiseko sika-Lewis" esikwaziyo ukunikela ngesibini se-elektroniki kunye neeasidi njenge "Lewis acid" ekubeni sisamkeli esifanekileyo sesibini sombane. Le nkcazo yahluke ngokupheleleyo kuleyo icetywayo kwaye yabekwa apha ngasentla, kuba abayikhankanyi into yokuba iiasidi kunye neziseko zilinganiswa ngeeproton okanye into ebotshiweyo.

Oku kucingelwa kwithiyori yakhe yokuba i-anion yayiyiasidi, kwaye i-cation yayisisiseko esinee-elektroniki ezingabelwanga, ukuba le nkcazo isetyenzisiwe, impendulo esisiseko seasidi inokuqondwa njengomnikelo ngqo wesibini se-elektroniki esiza ukusuka kwi-anion, ukuyisa kwi-cation, ukulawula ukwenza ibhondi ehambelanayo. Olu dibana lwaziwa njengoyilo lwento ebaluleke kakhulu ebomini, emanzini.

Inkcazo yeLiebig

Oku kwacetyiswa ngo-1828, kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka kamva kuneLavoisier, le ithiyori yayisekwe kwimisebenzi yakhe ebanzi yokwenziwa kweekhemikhali ze-organic acid. Ngaphambi kwale nkcazo kwakukho umahluko wemfundiso owaqalwa nguDavy, ojolise ngaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na into kwiiasidi esekwe kwioksijini, kunye neeasidi ezisekwe kwihydrogen.

Ngokuka Liebig iasidi inokuchazwa njengesiqulatho esiqulethe ihydrogen, kwaye inokude itshintshwe, okanye itshintshwe sisinyithi. Le ithiyori ngaphandle kokusekwa ikakhulu kwiindlela zobugcisa, ikwazile ukusebenza iminyaka engama-5.

Inkcazo yegama lokuqala Arrhenius

Usomachiza waseSweden uSvante Arrhenius wayefuna ukuphucula la magama kunye neenkcazo ezazinikwe impendulo eyenzeka phakathi kweeasidi kunye neziseko, zifuna nokwenza lula imiqathango yoku.

Ngo-1884 wenza intsebenziswano noFriedrich Wilhelm apho bakwazi ukuseka ubukho be-ion kwisisombululo esinamandla, ngenxa yokubaluleka komsebenzi othile u-Arrhenius wanikwa ithuba elihle lokufumana iBhaso likaNobel eKhemistry ngonyaka. Ngo-1903.

Inkcazo yemveli yesiseko seasidi ene-aqueous inokuchazwa njengoyilo olukhethekileyo lwecandelo elaziwa ngokuba ngamanzi avela kwihydroxyl kunye nehydrogen ions, okanye kananjalo nokwenziwa kwezi zinto ukusuka ekuhlukaniseni iiasidi kunye nesiseko kwisisombululo esinamandla.

Inkcazo kaPearson (inzima-ithambile)

Le nkcazo yathunyelwa nguRalph Pearson ngo-1963 nangona yaphuhliswa ngamandla ngo-1984 ngenkxaso yomsebenzi kaRobert Parr, ogama lakhe lingu-acid-base hard-soft, ezi zichazi zisetyenziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo, iSofoft isetyenziselwa ukubhekisa Kwiziqholo ezikhulu, ezisezantsi  I-oxidation ithi, kwaye idibeneyo, i-Hard isetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwiintlobo ezincinci, kwaye zibonakaliswe ngokuba neendawo eziphezulu ze-oxidation.

Le nkcazo ibe luncedo kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-organic kunye ne-inorganic chemistry, kwaye ezona zinto ziphambili zibonisa ukuba iiasidi kunye neziseko zinokunxibelelana, kwaye ezona zixhaphakileyo kukuphendula kweekhompawundi ezineempawu ezifanayo, umzekelo -soft, okanye hard hard.

Le ithiyori ikwabizwa ngokuba yinkcazo ye-ABDB, eluncedo kakhulu ekuqikeleleni iimveliso zempendulo ye-metathesis. Namhlanje kufunyenwe ukuba le mpendulo inokubonisa ubuntununtunu kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo ezinesiqhushumbisi.

Le ithiyori isekwe ngakumbi kwiimpawu ezisemgangathweni kunezobungakanani, ezinceda ukuqonda ngendlela elula izinto eziphambili zekhemistri kunye neempendulo.

Inkcazo Usanovich

UMikhail Usanovich, usokhemisi waseRussia, naye wenza inkcazo yokuba i-acid-base reaction ithini, kwaye kunokuthiwa le yeyona nto iphambili kuzo zonke, ekugqitywe kuyo ukuba iiasidi zizinto zonke ezinazo yamkela iintlobo ezingezizo, okanye ukuba, ukusilela oko, unikele ngeentlobo ezintle, ingqikelelo yesiseko esinikwa ngu-Usanovich, ngokuchasene nezo zeasidi.

Ukuphendula kweeasidi kunye neziseko eziphakanyiswe ngulo mkhemisi waseRussia kungqamana nenye impendulo yemichiza, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "redox reaction" ebandakanya ukupheliswa kwe-oxidation-reaction, yiyo loo nto ingathandwayo ziikhemisti.

Uninzi lweempendulo ezicetywayo luxhomekeke ekwakhiweni kwebhondi kunye nokwaphuka, kodwa i-redox kunye ne-Usanovich zisetelwe ngakumbi njengeenkqubo zokudlulisa izinto ngombane, ezibangela umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini ukuba usasazeke ngokupheleleyo.

Inkcazo ka-Lux-Flood

Le nkcazo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-geochemistry yanamhlanje kunye ne-electrochemistry yeetyuwa ezinyibilikileyo, ezathi zenziwa ngo-1939 ngusokhemisi waseJamani owaziwa njengo-Hermann Lux, yaza yaveliswa kwakhona ifumana ukuphucuka okukhulu ngo-1947 ngusokhemisti uHakon Flood, ngenxa yesi sizathu Kule mpendulo ngamagama amabini okugqibela afanayo.

Kule nto sinokubona eyona nto ikhethekileyo yeeasidi kunye neziseko, isiseko singumnikeli weeoksion anion, ngelixa iiasidi zingabamkeli bee-anion ezithethiweyo.

Inkcazo yenkqubo yesinyibilikisi

Le nkcazo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuyazi ngokunxulumene nalo mba, kuba uninzi lweekhemisti eziye zaqhuba iinkolelo zazo kule minyaka idlulileyo ziye zafaka izimvo ngenkqubo yokusombulula, esekwe kwinkcazo ngokubanzi ye-Arrhenius echazwe apha ngasentla.

Kukho isixa esithile seentlobo ezilungileyo kwizinyibilikisi ezininzi, ezaziwa njengee-solvonium cations, kwaye ukusilela oko, nazo zineentlobo ezimbi ezinje ngee-solvonium anions, ezikwimeko yokulingana kunye neemolekyuli ezingathathi hlangothi zesinyibilikisi.

Kule ngcaciso, isiseko sinokuchazwa njenge-solute ebangela ukwanda koxinaniso lwee-solvonium cations, ngelixa ii-asidi zezona zibangela ukwehla kwee-anions ze-solvonium.

Le nkcazo ixhomekeke kuzo zombini iikhompawundi kunye nesinyibilikisi, ke ngokuxhomekeke kwisinyibilikisi esikhethiweyo, ikhompawundi inokuba nakho ukutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha kwayo.

Inomdla kakhulu indlela oosokhemisti abohlukeneyo abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, namaxesha ahlukeneyo, ngamnye ethetha kwaye ecebisa inkcazo eyahlukileyo ngesihloko esinye, kwaye oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuphando nakwimbali yekhemistri, kuba ukudibanisa yonke le migaqo, kuye kwenzeka ukuba wazi ngcono nangakumbi yonke imiba ethathelwe ingqalelo malunga neeasidi kunye neziseko kunye neempendulo zazo.