Phakathi ezahlukeneyo opioids iintlungu ekhoyo, sinokufumana i-heroin; ekwanazo neepropathi ezivumela ukucinezela ukukhwehlela kunye nokuthintela iingxaki zesisu ezinje ngesisu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezonyango kungaphantsi kokuzonwabisa, ngenxa yeempembelelo ezinamandla ezivelisayo; Isizathu sokuba silungiselele olu ngeno kunye nalo lonke ulwazi malunga nalo.
Yazi ukuba yintoni i-heroin kunye neempawu zayo
Njengoko besitshilo, yi-opioid eneziphumo ze-analgesic. Isiphumo se-morphine, esenziwe kwisityalo apho kukhutshwa khona i-opium. Inamandla ngakumbi kune-morphine, kwaye iziphumo zihlala ziqala ngokukhawuleza.
- Okungekho mthethweni kwaziwa ngokuba ngumgubo omhlophe, odityaniswe nabakrexezileyo.
- Oku kudliwe ngaphakathi okanye ngomlomo ngokutshaya.
- Ithathwa njengechiza Inkqubo ye-nervous central depressant.
- Kuphakathi kwezinto ezivelisa ukuxhomekeka okukhulu emzimbeni nasengqondweni ngesona santya sikhulu; ebeka phakathi kweziyobisi kunye neqondo eliphezulu lokulutha kwaye oko kudala umonakalo omkhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabanye.
Yafunyanwa nguCharles Romley Alder, owathi wayihlanganisa emva kokuyihlukanisa nenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "acetylation" ye morphine hydrochloride. I-etymology yayo ibangelwa yinkampani yaseBayer, inkampani yamayeza ebekwe eJamani eyathengisa le nto diaceltimorphine phantsi kwegama elithi "heroin."
Ikwayiloo nkampani inye eyayiphethe ukuthengisa imveliso, ekucingelwa ukuba yayiyinguqulelo ye "morphine" engasebenziyo. Ngelo xesha, i-morphine yayisetyenziselwa ukuzonwabisa, ke le nto intsha yayiyindlela efanelekileyo kula matyala. Nangona kunjalo, kwenzeka okwahlukileyo kwaye abantu abaninzi baqala ukuxhomekeka kwinto leyo, ngokukhawuleza bayigqitha ingaphambili.
Zithini iziphumo zeheroin?
Phakathi kweziphumo eziveliswa kukusetyenziswa kwesiyobisi Sinokufumana ukungakhathali, i-miosis, ukozela, ukunciphisa ukuphefumla, ukusebenza kwemoto kunye noxinzelelo, isicaphucaphu okanye ukugabha (ngesiqhelo kwinto yokuqala yokutya) kunye nokuyeka. Oku kukwavelisa iziphumo kwinkqubo yovalo esembindini kunye neparipheral, ethi:
Iziphumo kwinkqubo ye-nervous system
- Ukuthintela ukugabha.
- Ukunciphisa ukukhwehlela.
- Umfundi unciphisa ubungakanani.
- Ukuhlala kunye nefuthe le-analgesic.
- Ukuba nemibono
- Ubushushu bomzimba buyehla.
Iziphumo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo
- Amaxesha ambalwa okuqala inokunika iziphumo ezinjengokugabha okanye isicaphucaphu; kodwa ukuba idosi efanayo iyagcinwa xa usitya ngamanye amaxesha, esi siphumo siyanyamalala.
- I-sphincters yonyusa umsebenzi wabo, kunye nezihlunu ezigudileyo (jonga i-bronchi, umzekelo).
- Inkqubela phambili yophuhliso lokuqhinwa.
- Ukoma kokujonga kunye ne-mucous.
- Ukunyanga komzimba.
- Umbono omfiliba.
Iziphumo ezibi zokusetyenziswa gwenxa
Ikwavelisa iziphumo ebezingalunganga ezininzi xa zisetyenziswe gwenxa, ezinokukhokelela kubunzima kunye neengxaki zempilo ezinzulu; ngenxa yotshintsho lomzimba oluveliswe yiyo kunye nokrexezo olongeziweyo.
- Enye yeengozi eziqhelekileyo kukudlula ngaphezulu, kuba ngokophando olwenziwe e-United States, malunga ne-55% ye izigulana ezingamakhoboka ukhe wahlupheka ubuncinci i-overdose.
- Iyeza linokukhokelela kuphuhliso lwesifo sokuwa okanye iingxaki ezifanayo kunye nengqondo okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
- Utshintsho oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo ye-nervous central lunokuvelisa izifo esibindini, ukujikeleza, phakathi kwabanye.
- Ukuba umntu uyaliwa ziikhompawundi ezinje nge-angioedema kunye ne-anaphylaxis, kunokuvela ingxaki enokububeka esichengeni ubomi bomntu osebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa iimeko ezifunyenweyo.
Okokugqibela, olu hlobo lweziyobisi zokuzonwabisa nezingekho mthethweni ezisetyenziswa ngenaliti efakwa emithanjeni, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zisulele umsebenzisi ngezifo ezinjenge-AIDS okanye i-hepatitis; Ukongeza ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zosulelo.
Zeziphi iindlela zokusetyenziswa?
Isetyenziswa ziilabhoratri, oogqirha kunye nabantu abanezizathu okanye iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Abokuqala baphethe Sebenzisa i-diacetylmorphine ukudibanisa ezinye iintlungu zokunciphisa iintlungu; ngelixa lokugqibela liqhuba izifundo kwaye owesithathu alisebenzisa ngokuzonwabisa. Ezi zimbini zokugqibela zezona zisebenzisayo zinomdla, esiza kuchaza apha ngezantsi:
Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango
Isetyenziswa ngoogqirha abaliqela ukwenza izifundo ngokubhekisele kumahluko phakathi kwe-morphine yesiko kunye nale nto; apho, umzekelo, eJamani uphando luyenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukunyanga amakhoboka ezi zinto kunye nezinye iiopioid nge-heroin emsulwa ngaphandle kokukrexeza okuhlala kufunyanwa kwichiza elingekho mthethweni, nelithi kwiimeko ezininzi livelise ukwenzakala.
Ukuzonwabisa nokuzisebenzisa gwenxa
Eyona ngxaki iphambili yeheroin kukuba inqanaba eliphezulu lokufumana ikhoboka kwinto leyo; Oko kuthetha ukuba nokuba umntu angalinga iziyobisi ngokuzonwabisa, amathuba okuba azisebenzise kwakhona aphezulu kakhulu.
Iyeza linokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo, ezinje nge ulwimi lwenkobe, inhaled, ukutshaya, ngomlomo, ukusika, ukufakwa ngaphakathi kunye nomqolo okanye ubufazi. Eli nani likhulu lokhetho lahlulwe ngeendlela ezininzi, ezinje:
- Isixhobo sinokuhlafunwa (ulwimi oluncinci).
- Kuyenzeka ukuba uyisebenzise ngendlela engenisiweyo, oko kukuthi, imveliso iphefumlelwe ngqo.
- Ngomlomo, ityiwa inyulu okanye idityaniswe notywala, obunokunciphisa ezinye zeempembelelo ezinzulu.
- Ingatshaywa, mhlawumbi kunye nezinye izincedisi okanye zodwa, kwimeko apho iphepha elifana nealuminium lihlala lisetyenziswa.
- Kukho amakhandlela ekusetyenzisweni kwelungu lobufazi okanye elangeni.
- Ukusetyenziswa kolusu kubandakanya ukukhuhla into ngamandla, okuhlala kushiya amanxeba kwizigulana ezininzi.
- Okokugqibela, eyona ndlela iphambili yokusetyenziswa ehamba ngenaliti efakwa ngaphakathi. Kule ndlela kufuneka ubilise into ngamanzi kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba uyitofe nakuwuphi na umthambo, nangona uqhelekile emaphethelweni.
Zithini iidosi ezisetyenzisiweyo?
Idosi edla ngokusetyenziswa imalunga ne-7 milligrams, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lobuntununtunu isifundo esinalo kwii-opiates. Kwimeko yokusebenzisa gwenxa ukusetyenziswa ixesha elifanelekileyo, umntu lowo unokufuna iidosi ezingaphezu kwe-30 milligram.
Ngenxa yokunyamezelana okuxhomekeke kwichiza elinokuthi kuvelise, idosi inokunyuswa ngokubonakalayo njengoko ixesha lihamba kunye nengxaki okanye ukufa ngenxa yesifo ngokulula.
Unyango lwezigulana ezikhobokisayo
IHeroin ithathwa njengesiyobisi esinzima, njengoko inamanqaku aphezulu kwizinga lokuxhomekeka, kumlutha kunye nokunyamezelana. Oko kuthetha ukuba uninzi lwezigulana eziyisebenzisayo zixhomekeke emzimbeni nasengqondweni; Kananjalo bayanyamezelana nayo kwaye kufuneka basebenzise idosi ephezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona inokubonakala inzima, kunokwenzeka ukwenza unyango ukuze isiguli siyeke iyeza kwaye liqhubeke nobomi ngesiqhelo. Nangona oku, umntu ngamnye kufuneka awazi umonakalo oveliswe yiyo kwaye kufuneka avume ukushiya ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
Phakathi kwezona ndlela zonyango zibalulekileyo zokuthintela ukusetyenziswa yile detox, methadone kunye ne-buprenorphine okanye amanye amayeza afanayo.
- Inkqubo ye-detox Iyafana nezinye iziyobisi, apho zivumela isigulana ukuba siyeke ukusetyenziswa kwaye sinyange iimpawu eziveliswa sisifo sokurhoxa. Oku kuhlala kusebenza ngakumbi xa umntu evalelwa iinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwisiqingatha sonyaka.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, la imethadone lukwalunyango lwe-heroin apho isetyenziselwa ukunyanga iziyobisi; ukuba yenye yeenkqubo ezindala. Injongo yakho kukuthatha iyeza ngomlomo kunye nokuthintela iimpawu zokurhoxa ukuba zingenzeki. Olu nyango lukhethwa ukuba ludityaniswe nonyango lokuziphatha.
- Ekugqibeleni, ibuprenorphine kunye namayeza afanelekileyo nawo anokunceda. Oku kuvelisa iziphumo ezifanayo neepopi, kodwa zincinci; eyindlela yokuthintela iziphumo zokurhoxa. Ukongeza, amanye amayeza anje nge-naltrexone kunye ne-naloxone anokusetyenziswa, kuba athintela iziphumo eziveliswa zii-opiates ezininzi.
Sinjani isifo sokurhoxa?
Njengaye ukurhoxisa isifo kwezinye ii-opiatesEzi zihlala zomelele kwaye zinokuba nzima kakhulu; Yiyo loo nto izigulana ezingamakhoboka okanye ezixhomekekileyo zamkelwe ukuba zikwazi ukubaphatha ngokukuko kwaye, kwaye, zibakhathalele.
- Emva kokusetyenziswa kokugqibela, abantu baziva isidingo okanye umnqweno wokutya, ovelisa iziphumo ezinje ngexhala okanye ukukhangela okungafunekiyo kwento leyo.
- Kuluhlu lweeyure ezisibhozo ukuya kwiiyure ezilishumi elinesihlanu, iimpawu ezinjengokubila, ukuzamla kunye nokukrazula kwenzeka.
- Ukusuka kwiiyure ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kwimini, iziphumo zinokuba zibi kakhulu, kuba isigulana siya kuziva amaza obushushu ahlukeneyo (ashushu okanye ayabanda), ianorexia, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, i-mydriasis kunye necramps.
- Emva kokudlula usuku lokuqala, iimpawu ezinjengokungalali, iintlungu kwindawo esiswini, ukugabha, isicaphucaphu, iingxaki zesisu, kunye nobunzima ekwenzeni imisebenzi yeemoto.
Siyathemba ukuba ukungena malunga neli chiza lonyango kunye nokuzonwabisa elinemiphumela emibi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukunyamezelana kunye nokulutha, kuye kwaba kukuthanda kwakho. Kwimeko apho unemibuzo okanye igalelo, ungalibali ukunika izimvo kwibhokisi engezantsi.