Inkqubo yokufunda efanelekileyo yeegesi kunye nendima yazo kumashishini

Kwi-chemistry, kukho izinto ezingenakubalwa ezinokuthi okanye ezingahambelaniyo. Kukho iintsimbi, ii-nonmetals, i-lanthanides kunye ne-actinides, iinyithi zenguqu kunye nomhlaba we-alkaline; kwaye sinayo enye yezinto zemichiza Kubani esingakhange sihoye kakhulu ngexesha leekhemistri, kwaye kungasathethwa kangako xa kuziwa ekuqhubekeni nobomi bethu. Ndithetha, ewe, ngeegesi ezintle.

Ezi zinto, kuba zinqabile kwindalo esingqongileyo, asinakho ukuhlalutya kakhulu. Apha siza kufunda ngembali yeegesi ezintle, usetyenziso kunye neepropathi, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonisa umdla. Hlala apha kwaye ufunde izinto ezipholileyo malunga neegesi ezintle.

Masizazi iigesi

Baliqela leemichiza ezihambelana nezinto ezifanayo. Umzekelo, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo azinabala, zingenabumba, ziigesi ze-monatomic, kwaye zinokuphinda zisebenze kakhulu. Ezi zibekwe kwiqela le-18 letheyibhile yamaxesha, kwaye zaziwa njenge: I-Helium, neon, i-Xenon, i-Argon, i-Krypton, i-radioactive: iRadon, kunye ne-synthetic: Oganeson.

Iimpawu zayo zinokuchazwa ziithiyori ezikhoyo ngoku kubume beatom. Iqokobhe labo lee-elektroni ze-valent zithathwa njengezigqibeleleyo, ezibanika utyekelo olulinganiselweyo lokuthatha inxaxheba ekuphenduleni kwimichiza, kwaye sesinye sezizathu zokuba bangaqondwa kakuhle. Ngapha koko, bambalwa kakhulu iikhompawundi zegesi ezintle esele zilungiselelwe ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla.

Sizifumana phi iigesi ezintle?

Sifumana i-neon, i-argon, i-xenon kunye ne-krypton evela emoyeni usebenzisa i-fractional distillation kunye neendlela zokunyibilika. I-Helium ifumaneka kwirhasi yendalo, apho kufanelekileyo ukwahlulwa. Kwaye i-radon ifunyanwa ngokubola kwe-radioactive yezixhobo ezichithwe kwi-radium.

Kwaye u-Oganeson yinto eyenziweyo eyenziweyo ngo-2002, neyathi yafumana i-IUPAC nomenclature yayo ngo-2016. Iyaziwa ngokuba iyasebenza kwaye ayizinzanga, ngoko ke akukho msebenzi ungako wenziweyo ngayo.

Ezi gesi zinokusetyenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lokukhanyisa, ukuwelda kunye nokuhlola indawo. I-Trimix, esisisombululo se-helium-oksijini-nitrogen, isetyenziselwa ukwenza ukuba abantu abahlukeneyo bangasokoli ifuthe le-narcotic enzulwini. Yintoni egqithisile, emva kokwazi iingozi ezinokutsha ze-hydrogen, oku kwafakwa yi-helium ekudaleni ii-airship kunye neebhaluni zomoya ezishushu.

Iimpawu zezi gesi

Iigesi ezihloniphekileyo zifumana igama labo kuguqulelo olusuka kwisiJamani edelgas, Igama elisetyenziswe okokuqala ngqa ngo-1898 ngu-Hugo Erdman. Ngeli gama izame ukubhekisa kwinqanaba lokuphinda lisetyenziswe kwakhona yezi zinto. Ngapha koko, ezi zezona zinto zincinci zisebenzayo zaziwayo, kangangokuba zinokungena okanye zingasebenzi.

Kungenxa yokuba zineqokobhe elipheleleyo le-valence elibashiya benesakhono esisezantsi sokukhupha ii-elektroniki kwaye benze isimilo sabo sikufutshane negesi efanelekileyo.

Ngokubanzi, iigesi ezintle zabelana ngeepropathi ezahlukeneyo.

• Zizinto ezingezizo zesinyithi: Ukuba ziigesi, ayinayo nayiphi na into yesinyithi ngaphakathi kokudibana kwayo. Ngelo xesha abakwazi ukuba basabele kunye nezinye izinyithi.
• Azinambala kwaye zingenasongo: nangona banokunikwa imibala kwiibhalbhu nezibane ezenziwe ngezi gesi zisebenzisa umbane, ekuqaleni zingenambala, kwaye zingenasongo.
• Banobume obupheleleyo be-valence: I-Neon, i-xenon, i-argon, i-krypton, kunye ne-radon ine-electron ezisibhozo kwigobolondo labo lokugqibela. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, i-helium inee-elektroni ezimbini. Ngale ndlela, iigesi ezintle zinegobolondo elipheleleyo le-valence. Kungenxa yoko le nto, phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ezi zinto zingenzi unxibelelwano.
• Zikhona njengee-monatomic gases: Njengoko kuqondwa, ezi zinto, nkqu nezona zinkulu ngokwe-atom, zine-athomu enye kuphela.

• Ngokuqhelekileyo azisebenzi: Ngenxa ye-valence yabo epheleleyo kunye nobunzima babo ekuhambiseni ii-elektroni, zithathwa njengezingenamandla.

• Baqhuba umbane kwaye bavelisa ukukhanya: Nangona zisezantsi kakhulu, ezi gesi ziyakwazi ukuqhuba umbane, kwaye ngokwenza njalo ziyakhanya phosphorescently.

• Banendawo yokunyibilika ephantsi kunye nendawo yokubilisaEzi gesi zintle kakhulu zinendawo yokunyibilika kunye neqondo lokubila.

• Banobuchwephesha obusezantsi kakhulu: ezi zinto ziphantsi zombane

• Banamandla e-ionization aphezulu: Amandla akho e-ionization yeyona nto iphakamileyo kwixesha lakho.
• Azinakutsha: Nokuba kungenxa yekomityi ye-hydrogen enokutsha, kwafakwa i-helium ekwenziweni kweenqwelo moya kunye neebhaluni.

Njengakwimo yokusebenza kwakhona, amandla abo e-interatomic nawo abuthathaka kakhulu, yiyo loo nto enamaqondo asezantsi anyibilikayo kunye nokubilayo, kwaye zonke ziziigesi ze-monatomic phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kubandakanya iigesi ezinobunzima obuphezulu beatom.

I-Helium ineepropathi ezininzi ekungekho enye igesi esemgangathweni okanye nayiphi na into kwitheyibhile yamaxesha. Lakhe Indawo yokunyibilika yeyona iphantsi Kuzo zonke ezaziwayo, ngaphandle kokuba kuphela kwento ene-superfluidity; imeko apho imeko ikwimeko yolwelo, kodwa inokuqhuba ngaphandle kokuphulukana namandla e-kinetic. I-Helium ifuna uxinzelelo lwe-25atm kunye nobushushu be -272ºC ukuze ikwazi ukuqinisa.

Igobolondo labo elipheleleyo le-valence likwanoxanduva lwezi gesi zinamandla aphezulu e-ionization (aphezulu kwitafile yamaxesha). kwaye ayinakho ukwenza ion ngokulula, Ebonisa uzinzo kuqwalaselo lwayo lombane.

Amandla e-ionization ayancipha njengoko iqela liyancipha, kuba i-radius ye-atomic iyanda kwaye ii-elektron ze-valence zikude kude ne-nucleus kwaye ngenxa yoko zitsala kancinci kuyo. Oku kubangela ukuba, nangona ixesha layo lelona liphezulu, ezinye iigesi ezintle zinazo amandla ombane ionization ukuya kwezinye izinto. Umzekelo, amandla e-ionization e-xenon athelekiswa namandla e-ionization yeoksijini.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi gesi

Ngokufumana iindawo eziphantsi zokubila kunye nokunyibilika, ziluncedo ngakumbi ekwenziweni kwezixhobo zefriji, kwaye ibenza babe luncedo njengeefriji ze-cryogenic ngokunjalo.

I-helium engamanzi, ebila kwi-4,2K (-268,93ºC) isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezinkulu, ezinjengezo zisetyenziselwa imaging resonance imaging kunye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance.

Neon Ulwelo, nangona ingafikeleli kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi e-helium engamanzi, inezicelo ezininzi kwi-cryogenics, kuba inakho Ukupholisa amaxesha angama-40 ngaphezulu kwe-helium engamanzi kunye namaxesha ama-3 amakhulu kunalawo e-hydrogen engamanzi.

I-Helium isetyenziswa njengenxalenye yeegesi eziphefumlayo ukubuyisela initrogen, ngenxa yayo ukunyibilika okuphantsi kulwelo, ngakumbi kwii-lipids. Iigesi ziyangena egazini nakwizicubu zomzimba xa kukho uxinzelelo, njengokuntywila emanzini, okuvelisa isiphumo sokubulala iintlungu ekuthiwa kukugula okunzulu. Ngenxa yokunyibilika okuphantsi, i-helium encinci ingena kwiimbumba zeseli, enceda ukunqanda ukusebenza kwe-narcotic.

Ngenxa yokutsha kwayo kunye nokukhanya kwayo, kwaye emva kwentlekele yaseHindenburg yowe-1937, i-helium yatshintsha i-hydrogen xa kusenziwa ipetroli, nangona ilahleko yokuphakama kwe-8,6%

Ezi gesi zisetyenziselwa ukukhanyisa ngenxa yokuqhutywa kwazo. Xa kusenziwa ii-bulband incandescent kudityaniswa umxube we-argon kunye ne-nitrogen. IKrypton isetyenziswe kwiibhalbhu zokusebenza okuphezuluezifana nezibane ze-halogen, ezinobushushu obuphezulu bombala kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu.

IXenon iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizibane zangaphambili ze-xenon, ethi, ngokufezekisa ukukhanya okufana nokukhanya kwemini, isetyenziswe kwiiprojektha zefilimu kunye nezibane zeemoto.

Kumayeza, i-helium isetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukuphefumla okulula kwizigulana zesifuba. IXenon inokusetyenziswa njenge-anesthetic Ngenxa yokunyibilika okuphezulu kwii-lipids, ezenza ukuba zisebenze ngakumbi kune-nitrous oxide yesiqhelo, kwaye njengoko isuswa ngokulula ngumzimba, ivumela ukubuyela ngokukhawuleza.

Ukufunyanwa kwemifanekiso eqhutywa ngendlela yenyukliya, ine-xenon edityaniswe nezinye iigesi. I-Radon, ene-radioactive kwaye ifumaneka kuphela kwimilinganiselo yokulandelela, isetyenziselwa unyango lwe-radiation.

Imveliso kunye nobuninzi

Ubuninzi kunye nokukhululeka apho iigesi ezintle zinokufunyanwa khona ziyahluka ngokuhambelana nenombolo yeatom. Ke ngoko, ubuninzi bezi gesi ziyancipha njengoko inani leathom lisonyuka.

Kwindalo iphela, I-helium yinto yesibini elula ukuyifumana, emva kwehydrogen, ngepesenti yobunzima obumalunga nama-24%. Uninzi lwe-helium kwindalo iphela yenziwa yi-primusial nucleosynthesis, kodwa isixa sayo siyanda ngenxa yenxaxheba ye-hydrogen kwi-stellar nucleosynthesis (inkqubo evelayo kukusabela kwenyukliya ngexesha lenkqubela yendalo yeenkwenkwezi).

Zonke ezinye iigesi aziphantse zibe ninzi okanye zilula ukuzifumana. URadon, umzekelo, unokuba njalo ifom kwi-lithosphere ngenxa yokubola kwe-alpha ye-radium; Ngeli xesha yena I-xenon ivelise ithiyori eyaziwa ngokuba yi "xenon theory" ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu emoyeni.

Makhe sithethe kancinci malunga nenye

• Helio: Ngenxa yokutsha kwayo okuncinci, kwaye ngenxa yokuba yeyona nto yesibini ilula ukuyifumana, ikwazile ukubuyisela i-hydrogen njengeyona nto inokugcwalisa iibhaluni kunye ne-zeppelins, kuba azidubuli xa zidibana nomlilo.
• Neon: Le gesi, ngenxa yokubengezela kwayo kunye nombala wayo obomvu-orenji efunyenwe xa idibana nombane, isetyenziselwa iinjongo zentengiso. Ifunyanwa ngokulula kwizibane ze-neon. Unokufumana iityhubhu ze-neon kunye nezibane ezineminye imibala, nangona zinezinye iigesi ngaphakathi.
• Argon: Le gesi isetyenziswa kwizibane ze-incandescent kuba ayisebenzi xa ibubushushu phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo. Kwimibhobho ye-fluorescent ivelisa umbala oluhlaza-blowu. Ikwasetyenziswa nakwicandelo lemizi-mveliso ukunqanda ukusabela okungafunekiyo kweekhemikhali.
• IKryptonIsetyenziswa kunye nezinye iigesi xa kusenziwa nasekwenzeni izibane Ukukhanya kwesikhululo seenqwelomoya, ngenxa yokuqina kwezibane ezibomvu ezikhutshwe; Ingasetyenziselwa iiprojektha ze-cinema. Ukusetyenziswa kwekrypton kuluncedo kutyando lwe-laser retinal.
• XenonUkusetyenziswa okuphambili kweXenon kukucaciswa kokukhupha ukukhanya ngeempawu zebactericidal; Iityhubhu ezikhanyayo, ukukhanya kweefoto, kunye nakwityhubhu ye-fluorescent ekwaziyo ukonwabisa i-ruby laser.
• URadon: Le gesi iveliswa kukubola kwe-uranium kunomathotholo. Ngenxa yoku kwaye ngenxa yokuba inomathotholo, inezicelo ezimbalwa kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukucamngca 

Nangona zidityanisiwe ngandlel 'ithile Kunzima ukuyifumana kwimeko yendalo (ngaphandle, mhlawumbi kwe-helium), kwaye ngenxa yokuba ivelisa okanye ivumela ukusabela okumbalwa ngayo, iigesi ezintle zizinto ezibalulekileyo esizibonayo, kwaye sizisebenzise yonke imihla.

Mhlawumbi ukusebenzisa kwabo kunqunyelwe kumacandelo athile, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba alunamsebenzi kwaphela. Ukusuka ekukhanyiseni amakhaya ethu kwiibhalbhu zokukhanya kunye nezibane, ekugcineni ukutya kwethu xa kusetyenziswa kwizikhenkcisi, ukuya sindisa ubomi xa kusetyenziswa amayezaEzi gesi, ezendalo okanye zokwenziwa, azikabonisi konke abanokusenzela zona. Kwaye kuqinisekile ukuba, njengoko uphando luqhubeka, ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuya kuba kukhulu kakhulu.