Ubuntu, ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwaye, emva koko, kwiinkulungwane, kuye kwafuneka kudlule kwiindawo ezininzi ezaziwayo eziphawule imimangaliso kwindlela yabo yokubona izinto. Ukusuka kubukhosi obukhulu base-Egypt, iBhabhiloni, amaGrike, amaRoma, uAlexander omkhulu, phakathi kwabanye, ubukhosi obuninzi kunye namagunya ehlabathi atyhutyhile ngale nto Umhlaba wethu ubeka imigangatho emayilandelwe ngexesha lakhe esemandleni.
Ngala maxesha, kwaye kuxhomekeke kurhulumente ngamnye, ubugcisa kunye noyilo luye lwaphazamiseka, kwaye namhlanje sithathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yethu yeempawu zala maxesha.
I-Yurophu yaseNtshona yayiyeyona ibeka iziseko kunye nezikhokelo zentshukumo entsha, engaphaya kweminyaka engamakhulu amathandathu kamva, eqhubeka ukunika abantu intetho. Sibhekisa, ekuzalweni ngokutsha.
Ngexesha lokuhamba, izinto ezininzi zobomi bale mihla esizaziyo namhlanje zaguqulwa, ikakhulu ezobugcisa. Kwakuyixesha lotshintsho phakathi kwamaXesha Aphakathi kunye neXesha Langoku elaye lavunywa ngokwanda kolwazi kumasebe ahlukeneyo, kwaye yayinguye owabeka iziseko zokwamkelwa kwesayensi njengesebe kwaye njengenyaniso, eyayiqalekisiwe ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi. Kule posi siya kuthi sazi ezona mpawu ziphambili zohlaziyo.
Makhe silazi igama elithi "Renaissance"
Eli gama laqulunqwa libanga izinto ezithile zenkcubeko yamaGrike namaRoma, kwaye lasetyenziswa njengokubuyela kwixabiso lenkcubeko yamaGrike namaRoma kunye Ukucamngca ngenkcubeko kunye nobomi ngendlela ekhululekileyo kunendlela eqinisekisiweyo yokwenza izinto yafakwa kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo amaXesha Aphakathi, eyayibonakaliswe ngokuba ngqongqo kakhulu kwaye ingqwabalala kubagxeki bayo.
Kweli nqanaba elaziwa njengokuzalwa ngokutsha, indlela yokubona umntu yatshintshwa kwaye inkqubela phambili enkulu yenziwa kumacandelo obugcisa, ifilosofi, ikhemistri, ifiziksi, imathematics, ubugcisa kunye nomsebenzi wobugcisa.
Ngale ndlela, i-theocentrism eyayilawula kwi-Middle Ages inokuthi ithathe indawo ye-anthropocentrism, eyayinomdla ngakumbi kulwazi lobume bomntu.
Iimpawu ze-Renaissance kufundwe ngokubanzi kwaye kuvavanywa, Kwaye kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano sokuba enye yeempawu eziphambili zeli xesha yayizobugcisa bayo, namhlanje esazi ukuba bubugcisa beRenaissance. Yayingulowo weza kuthatha indawo yobugcisa bamaxesha aphakathi, obathathelwa ingqalelo njengobuqaba, kwaye kamva wabizwa ngokuba bubugcisa beGothic. Le ntshukumo kubugcisa yayiyeyona iseta ithoni yokuqhubela phambili namanye amasebe enza ezoluntu, kwaye ikwasebenza ukukhuthaza amasebe esayensi.
Makhe sithethe ngembali yokuzalwa kwakhona
Ixesha loKuvuselelwa liphawula ukuqala kwexesha langoku, ixesha eliqhele ukusekwa phakathi kwexesha lokufunyanwa kweMelika ngo-1492 kunye noQhushululu lwaseFrance ngo-1789, nalapho, kwicandelo lenkcubeko, lahlulwe laba luHlaziyo kunye neBaroque ; kwaye inamacandelwana afana neMannerism, iRococo kunye neNeoclassicism.
Los Iziganeko zangaphambili ze-Renaissance zinokulandelwa ekunciphiseni kwehlabathi lamaxesha aphakathi. Kwenzeke ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngenxa yemicimbi eyahlukeneyo, njengokuhla koBukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma, ukomelela kweCawe yamaKatolika ngenxa yenyikima kunye neentshukumo zobuqhetseba ezakhokelela kuHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti.
Amanqanaba okuzalwa kwakhona
Amanqanaba ahlukeneyo embali aphawula ukukhula koKuvuselelwa. Eyokuqala yezi zinto yenzeke ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX: ebizwa ngokuba yi-quattrocenter, kwaye ibandakanya i-Renaissance yasekuqaleni, ekwabonwa njenge-Renaissance ephantsi, eyenzeka e-Itali.
Isigaba sesibini sivela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu kwaye saziwa njengeCinquecento: Indawo yakhe yobugcisa ibhekiswa kwi-classicism ekwabizwa ngokuba yiRenaissance ephezulu. Ngeli nqanaba, kwavela amanani amakhulu afana noMiguel Ángel, uRafael, uDa Vinci, phakathi kwabanye. Eli lixesha le-Renaissance heyday.
I-quattrocenter yayijolise eFlorence naseTuscany. Ukulula kunye nolwakhiwo kunye nokucacisa kokuhombisa yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yoyilo lwalo mzuzu. Iimodeli zodidi oluphambili zenze inkqubo ye-stylization kwaye yahlengahlengiswa kwiitempile zamaKristu zelo xesha.
ICinquecento yayineziko layo eRoma. Embindini we-1500s uDonato Bramanate wagqiba iprojekthi yakhe edumileyo ye-Basilica yase-Saint Peter, esiya kuba sisakhiwo esiza kuthi sibeke ithoni kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngeli nqanaba, izakhiwo zithambekele ngakumbi ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu. Amabhotwe ayehonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo okanye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ezimeleyo.
Iimpawu zayo eziphambili
Iimpawu ze-Renaissance zininzi kwaye zaziwa kwihlabathi liphela, kuba sisazibona kwaye sizisebenzisa nangoku, ngaphandle kwento yokuba sele kudlule iminyaka engamakhulu amathandathu, sisaqhubeka nokuncoma ubugcisa be-Renaissance kwaye sonwabela ulwazi lwefilosofi olufunyenwe ngelo xesha. . Iimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Renaissance zazi:
Ubuntu:
Olu phawu lunokuchazwa njengogxininiso olunikezwe kubomi beli hlabathi, ngaphaya kobomi bokomoya obabugcwele ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi.
I-humanists ye-Renaissance yathatha umdla omkhulu kwinto ebhekisa emntwini, kwisidima sakhe nakubomi bakhe kweli hlabathi. Ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhona imele utshintsho olukhulu, njengoko yayidlula kubomi bokucamngca obabuphila kumaXesha Aphakathi ukuya kubomi obusebenzayo. Ngale ndlela, igalelo elikhulu lenziwe kwizifundo zobuntu.
Uqinisekiso lweeesthetics:
Enye yeempawu eziphambili ze-Renaissance yayiyinto entsha yokuxabisa eyanikezelwa kwi-aesthetics kunye nobugcisa obuhle. Kubo, imisebenzi yobugcisa yaseGrisi naseRoma yamandulo yayinexabiso elikhulu ngenkcubeko nangokwexabiso lenkcubeko kunaleyo ifunyenwe ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi.
Kungenxa yoko le nto ngalo mzuzu wokubona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo owenziwe ngeXesha lobuKrestu, ibonakala ifana kakhulu nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaGrike. Ngala maxesha, i-aesthetics yabaluleka ngakumbi, kwaye nabafazi baqala ukunxiba ngeendlela ezihambelanayo, ngokuchaseneyo nendlela elula yokunxiba eyayixhaphakile kumaXesha Aphakathi.
Ukubaluleka kwesayensi kunye nokuqiqa:
Ngeli xesha uluvo lokuba kukho inkcazo yesayensi enengqiqo ngayo nayiphi na into ekhoyo lwakhuselwa, kwaye iingcaciso ezinikwe yiCawa yamaKatolika okanye ezazingengcaciso zenzululwazi zazingakhathalelwanga. Kwakungelo xesha apho inkqubela phambili enkulu yenzululwazi yafikelelwa kwaye amalinge okuqala enzululwazi enzeka..
umculo:
Umculo wawudume kakhulu ngexesha loKuvuselela. Nangona kwi-Renaissance ephantsi yayisetyenziswa njengenxalenye yeeMisa zamaKatolika, kamva yathi yasetyenziswa kwiinkolo zamaProtestanti nakwii-troubadours zabonwa ezitratweni. Oku kukhokelele kuphononongo olwahlukeneyo lokujonga iziphumo zomculo kwiimvakalelo, kwaye ngale ndlela inkqubela phambili enkulu yafezekiswa kule ndawo.
Iincwadi:
Inxalenye elungileyo yeempawu zoKuvuselelwa kwenzekile kwinto esiyaziyo njengoncwadi. Ababhali be-Renaissance abanjengoPetarca noGiovanni Boccaccio bajonga ngokutsha iGrisi neRoma, bevuselela ulwimi lwabo lwendabuko kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni.