Zonke ezi ziintlobo zeengcinga

Silungiselele uluhlu kunye Iindidi zokucinga Kuya kufuneka uyazi, into ebalulekileyo kubo bonke abo bafuna ukuqonda ngcono indlela eyenzeka ngayo inkcazo yeziganeko kunye neziganeko, befuna ukufikelela kwinyani ngeyona njongo inokwenzeka.

Zithini iingcinga

Okokuqala kubalulekile ukuba siyazi inkcazo emfutshane ngokunxulumene noqikelelo, kwaye ngokusisiseko, ngokwembono yendlela yesayensi, sithetha ukucinga ngento enokwenzeka okanye engenakwenzeka ngenjongo yokufumana isiphumo esinye okanye ezingaphezulu.

Kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ii-hypotheses zisekwe kulwazi olwalufunyenwe ngaphambili, ukuze kunganyanzelekanga ukuba lube yinyani, kodwa ubuncinci lunomsebenzi wokukhangela inyani esekwe kulwazi unayo.

Eyona njongo iphambili ye-hypothesis kukukwazi ukunxibelelana ngeyona ndlela inokwenzeka yezibakala kunye nolwazi olufunyenweyo, ukulawula ukufikelela kwinkcazo kugxilwe kwisizathu sokuba kwenzeke oko.

Ngale ndlela, kufuneka siqale ngokunika uthotho lwezizathu zokuba kutheni isikhundla esithile sikholelwa, ukuze ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo kufunwe kude kufikelelwe kwisiphelo.

Ukubuyela kwindlela yesayensi, i-hypothesis okanye, ngakumbi, i-hypothesis yenzululwazi ijolise ekusekeni isiphelo esiya kuthi kamva siqinisekiswe ngovavanyo kunye nolingo, oko kuthetha ukuba ngokusisiseko siza kuthetha malunga Inyathelo lokuqala lokufikelela kwinyani yesayensi.

Le hypothesis isekwe kwingqokelela yolwazi kunye nedatha ekunganyanzelekanga ukuba iqinisekiswe, kodwa kunjalo unomsebenzi wokufikelela kwimpendulo enokuxhaswa kwisiseko sesayensi; Oko kukuthi, kufuneka sifikelele kwisiphelo kwaye siyibonise ngendlela yesayensi.

Iindidi ze-hypotheses

Nje ukuba siqhele umbono wokuba yintoni le hypothesis, into elandelayo ekufuneka siyazi ziindidi zeengcinga ezikhoyo ukuze siqonde ngcono indlela esenza ngayo zonke iintlobo zovavanyo.

Ngale ndlela, sinokufumana ukwahlulahlula okubini okuza kuba ziindidi zeengcinga ezisekwe kwimvelaphi yazo okanye kwiinjongo, kwaye kwelinye icala, iintlobo zeengcinga zembono ngokubanzi.

Iindidi ze-hypotheses ezisekwe kwimvelaphi kunye neenjongo

Kule meko, siza kufumana inani elipheleleyo leentlobo ezintlanu ze-hypotheses ezahlulwe zangama-subtypes ekubalulekileyo ukuba wazi:

• I-hypothesis ngokobungakanani bayo: kwindawo yokuqala sine-hypothesis esekwe kububanzi bayo, kwimeko apho banokubabodwa okanye ngokubanzi. Kwimeko apho bebodwa, sibhekisa kwinto ethile, ngelixa ii-hypotheses ngokubanzi zinokuba zezo ziphindaphindwe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ngaphakathi kweengcinga ngokubanzi sineengcinga-ngqondo ezithi zikhokelele kwisiphelo esivela kwimbono ngokubanzi, kwelinye icala sineengcinga ezinokwenzeka, ekucacayo ukuba azifikeleli kumgangatho opheleleyo kodwa zijolise kuninzi.
• I-hypothesis esekwe kwimvelaphi yayoKwelinye icala sinokuhlela ii-hypotheses ngokwemvelaphi yazo apho sinokuthi sibe ne-hypothesis ye-inductive yezo zifumanisa ukulandelelana kwaye zijolise kukusebenza rhoqo kwendalo. Sikwanazo nezinto ezikhutshiweyo, ezifika zivela kunciphiso olufunyenwe kwezinye iingcinga ezahlukeneyo. Sineengcinga ngokufanisa ezisetyenziswa njengesikweko, ezinje ngokudlulisela iingcinga zikaDarwin kwicandelo lezentlalo nezoqoqosho, kwaye ekugqibeleni sinezinto ezibonisa ukungaphumeleli kolunye uluvo.

• I-hypothesis esekwe kubunzulu bayo: ngokobunzulu bayo, sinee-hypothesis ze-phenological, ezingafuni nkcazo zibambekayo kodwa kugxilwe ekuqwalaselweni kweziganeko, nakwiingcinga ezimeleyo ezifuna inkcazo ecacileyo.
• I-hypothesis esekwe kwinqanaba lendaloNgokubhekisele kwinqanaba lendalo, sinenani elikhulu leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcinga ezifana nezentlalontle, ezengqondo, ezendalo, ezomzimba / imichiza, njalo njalo.
• I-hypothesis malunga nesiseko sayo: kwaye ekugqibeleni sinee-hypotheses ezixhasayo ezazisekwe kwidatha enesiseko abanokuzinza okuhle kodwa abangenayo inkxaso yethiyori, iingcinga zethiyori ezingenasiseko sobungqina kodwa zinenkxaso yethiyori, kunye neengqinisiso eziqinisekisiweyo.

Iindidi zoqikelelo jikelele

Ngokumalunga nembono yeengcinga ngokubanzi, sineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi zilandelayo:

• Ingcinga yophando: oophando lwe-hypotheses zezo zibeka ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu, kwaye kunokubakho ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kane kolu luhlu lwe-hypothesis, ezo zichazayo iingcinga zexabiso apho izinto eziguquguqukayo zifunyenwe kwimeko enikiweyo ukuqhubeka Ukujonga, ii-hypotheses zokudibanisa ezisekwe kuyantlukwano kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zinto zixabisekileyo, ezinokuthi zichaphazele ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, iingcinga zomahluko phakathi kwamaqela yilezo zichonga ukungangqinelani phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo, nangona kungenjalo ukuseka izizathu zokuba kukho ukungavisisani okukhoyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni sinee-hypotheses ezimisela ubudlelwane be-causal eziqinisekisa ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, ukongeza ekuchazeni izizathu zokuba zikhona.
• Iingcamango ezingenantoNgokubhekisele kwii-hypotheses ezingenanto, sithetha ngezo zijolise kubudlelwane obusekwe phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo apho into eqinisekisiweyo ngophando oluthile luyaphikiswa okanye luqhubeka lukhanyelwa.
• Olunye uqikelelo: kule meko sithetha ngee-hypotheses ezibandakanya ukuqikelela kunye nokuqikelela ngokunxulumene nezinye iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo eziphakanyiswe ziingcinga ezithi zithathwe njengezingenantsingiselo ngokudibeneyo nophando.
• Ubalo lwezibalo: ekugqibeleni sinolu hlobo olusisiseko soguquko lube ziimpawu zamanani ophando olwenziwayo, ii-hypotheses ezingenanto okanye ezinye iindlela zokucinga, ukuze sifumane izinto ezimbini ezinokubakho kuqikelelo lweenkcukacha-manani, ezo zijolise kulwazi olufunyenwe ngaphambili kwaye thatha amanye amaxabiso ulinikiwe, kwaye sikwanolungelelwaniso lweenkcukacha-manani ezifuna ukumisa ubalo olusekwe kubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini nangaphezulu.

Zonke ezi ziindidi zeengcinga ocinga ukuba kufuneka uzithathele ingqalelo, zihlelwe ngokweemfuno zakho, ngeenjongo zokuba ngoku ungayiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kunye neempawu zayo ukuze uzisebenzise kulo naluphi na uhlobo lweengcinga ofuna ukuzenza.