IRiphabhlikhi yaseMexico yayiyindawo apho abanye indala kunye nenkcubeko ephucukileyo eMelika, Eyaziwa njengeenkcubeko zaseMesoamerican ngenxa yommandla welizwekazi laseMelika kubandakanya zombini zasemazantsi eMexico kunye nemimandla yeGuatemala, i-El Salvador, iBelize kunye nemimandla yasentshona yeRiphabhlikhi yaseNicaragua, iHonduras neCosta Rica.
Ezi nkcubeko zigcinwe ngokuhamba kwexesha kungekuphela ngumsebenzi wabaphandi. Ngaphezulu kwako konke, kungenxa yomkhondo abawushiyeyo kunye nenkqubela phambili yabo rhoqo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngezolimo, ubugcisa, uyilo, kunye nemathematika, phakathi kwabanye.
Iimpawu zenkcubeko yaseMesoamerica
Ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo kwabelwane ngazo ngenkcubeko yaseMesoamerica kukusetyenziswa kweekhalenda (enye yezolimo yeentsuku ezingama-260 kunye nenye yeentsuku ezingama-365), ubhalo lwemifanekiso nolwe-hieroglyphic; cocoa kunye nezityalo zombona, eyokugqibela ikwadlula kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-nixtamalization, ukuguqula ukutya kubunzima.
Olunye uphawu olufanayo lweempawu zezi ukusebenza konqulo lobuthixo ngabo babelawula iinkolelo zabo kunye nobukho babo; amadini abantu, ukuziqhelanisa nemidlalo enje ngeminikelo, ukwakhiwa kweendawo zemibhiyozo (isakhiwo sepiramidi), ukucaciswa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo (ubukhulu becala yabasetyhini ukuba banqule ukuchuma) kunye nenkqubo yobuthixo.
Ngaphandle kwezinto ezahlukileyo ezifanayo, inkcubeko nganye inendlela yayo yokusebenza kunye nokuphuhlisa izinto; Ukubaluleka ngakumbi kunezinye ngenxa yesilinganiselo kunye nesampulu ephezulu.
Kuphando lokuqala, kubandakanya nezo Umlobi ongumKristuUfumanise ukuba ama-Aztec abephume phambili kuluhlu phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo nezibalaseleyo, nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwavela ezinye izifundo ezaziphikisa ezo zimvo kwaye zahlalutya nokuba akukho sikhundla sinjalo kodwa iinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican ziyimveliso eyenziwe abantu neenkolelo.
Iinkcubeko ezibanzi
Ii mayaya
Babeliqela labemi bomthonyama ababehlala kumazwe aseMexico iYucatán, iCampeche, iTabasco kunye neChiapas, uninzi lweGuatemala nakwimimandla yaseBelize naseHonduras. Ukuthandana emva malunga neminyaka eli-1000 ngaphambi kukaKrestu.
Olunye lweempawu ezibalaseleyo yile ukudalwa kolwimi olubhaliweyo "kuphela" lwe-pre-Columbian America, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-glyphic. Baye babonakala ukuba ngabona banike elona galelo liphezulu kubugcisa, uyilo, iinkqubo zezibalo kunye neenkwenkwezi. Babenobungqina bokuba uqoqosho lwabo lwalulawulwa ngokupheleleyo kwezolimo kwaye bakhulisa icocoa, umqhaphu, iimbotyi, icassava, ibhatata kwaye ikakhulu umbona.
Ngokubhekisele kuyilo lwayo, olwalusisikhumbuzo, iindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye namabhodlo amakhulu agcinwa kwiindawo ezinje ngeCopán, Tikal, Uaxactún, Quiriguá, Bonampak, Tulún kunye neChichén Itzá, Palenque, Uxmal neMayapán; ukuba zaziluhlobo lweetempile apho kwakwenziwa khona imisebenzi yonqulo.
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezinomdla kwimpucuko kaMayan namhlanje kukuba kwisibhalo sekhulu le-14 senziwe ngolwimi lwesiMaya ngoonobumba besiLatin, okukhokelela kwibali elidumileyo nelibalulekileyo malunga nembali yabantu baseMaya kunye nokudalwa kwehlabathi. ., 'IPopol Vuh'.
Namhlanje abantu basemaphandleni baseYucatan naseGuatemala, ubukhulu becala, ngamaMeya. Kwaye ulwimi lwabo, olukwabizwa ngokuba yiYucatecan, luthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nama-350.000.
IiAztec
Babengabantu ababethandabuza, benobukhosi obumiselweyo kumbindi nakumazantsi eMexico eMesoamerica, ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-16.
Ngokophando, ukubanakho ukuseka urhulumente wobungqongqo onamandla ngenxa yamandla ababewanike ukukholelwa kwiinjongo zabo. Enye yeempumelelo zakhe ezibalaseleyo yile indalo yesixeko saseTenochtitlánEfumaneka kwisiXeko saseMexico, ikomkhulu lelizwe.
Ngokubhekisele kwindalo ebhaliweyo, kukho iibhlorho ezidibanisa isixeko kunye nomhlaba, kunye nemisele kunye nemijelo esetyenziselwa ukuhambisa izinto zorhwebo.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uqoqosho lwale nkcubeko lwalusekwe kwimarike. Intengiso yathunyelwa kwi-Central America kunye neendawo zobukhosi base-Aztec buqu kwaye oku kwafunyanwa ngezivumelwano neendawo ezoyisiweyo.
Enye into enomdla kukuba intlalo yempucuko yabo yahlulwe yangamakhoboka, abantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nezidwangube. Kwaye isicwangciso-qhinga sasiyinto eyaziwayo ngokwamasiko kunye namabali, oko kukuthi, ubukhoboka buqeshwe ziinkosi, banokuyithenga inkululeko yabo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ubuncinci ubuncinci
- Inkcubeko yeOlmecAbantu bamandulo be-Olmecs abavela kwi-Gulf yaseMexico bayaziwa ngokuseka impucuko endala eMesoamerica, eyiMexico ne-Central America. Ixesha libuyela umva ukusuka malunga ne-1500 ukuya kwi-900 BC Ngokophando, indawo yayo engaphakathi ihlala malunga ne-18.000 km2, kumahlathi emijelo yemilambo yamazwe aseMexico aseVeracruz naseTabasco, abonakala ngokuba ngumgxobhozo.
- Inkcubeko yamaZapotec: Zisusela kuma-800 a. we-C eMonte Albán (Mexico), ophela ngonyaka we-1521 d. C. xa iiMixtecas zathimba amaziko aphambili eZapotec, ingingqi yonxweme lwePasifiki kunye nomntla-ntshona weMexico.
Njengenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacan, iZapotec yenye yezona zinkulu kwiinkcubeko zaseMesoamerica ngelo xesha. Ukwamkelwa kwakhe okukhulu kwenziwa kwindalo yobugcisa eneentsiba kunye nokwenza ubucwebe.
- Inkcubeko yeTeotihuacanEnye yezona zibhengezo zayo zibalaseleyo kukudalwa kwezona nkcubeko zibalulekileyo kwezobugcisa baseMexico yamandulo, ngonyaka wama-200 BC. C. Ukwazi ukwandisa ukuya kwiGuatemala ngoku. Kuthiwa elona nqanaba lifanelekileyo lale mpucuko lenze phakathi kwe-350 kunye ne-650 AD. nguC.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba impucuko yaseTeotihuacan yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwiinkcubeko zaseMesoamerican.
- Inkcubeko yaseToltecAmaToltec yayingabantu bomthonyama baseMexico bafuduka ukusuka emantla kwento eyiMexico ngoku, emva kokuhla (malunga ne-700 AD) yesixeko esikhulu saseTeotihuacán, kwaye oko kwamisela ilizwe lomkhosi eTula, kwiikhilomitha ezingama-64 kumantla esiXeko saseMexico sanamhlanje. , ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX AD
- Inkcubeko yeChichimeca: Babengabantu benkcubeko ephezulu yommandla ophakathi eMexico kubemi bommandla omkhulu wasemantla, ethathwa njengamandulo. Ngokwabaphandi, kulwimi lwesiNahuatl igama uChichimeca linokuthetha 'abo bomnombo wezinja'.
- Inkcubeko yeMixtec: Izifundo zibonisa ukuba inkcubeko yeMixtec yaqala emazantsi eMexico ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-9 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Babeqatshelwe ngomsebenzi wabo kumatye nakwizinyithi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokwezakhono zabo, yayizizinto ezenziwe ngeentsiba, ezenziwe ngodongwe ezihonjiswe nge-polychrome, kunye nokuluka amalaphu kunye nokuhombisa.
Ubugcisa bakhe abunakugqithwa kwaye amalungu akhe anokwamkelwa ngabachweli abadumileyo eMexico.