Funda konke malunga neenkcazo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda

Umntu uthathe iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda umhlaba, enye yazo kukwazi ukunika igama elichanekileyo kwisiganeko ngasinye okanye kwimeko ahlangabezana nayo, le yimeko yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda ezenziwa ngumntu ngamnye ngokuhambelana Qonda ezinye izinto zendalo iphela.

Umzekelo, ukufumana utshintsho okanye ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha kuyindlela yokufunda ebantwini. Kungenxa yoko le nto iithiyori zokufunda ezahlukeneyo ziye zaphuhliswa kuyo yonke imbali ukuze umntu ngamnye unenkululeko yokufunda ngokweendlela zokucacisa aziqondayo. Kwinqaku elingezantsi uya kufunda kancinci malunga nezi ithiyori ezahlukeneyo kunye nemvelaphi yazo.

Iinkqubo zokufunda

Ngaphambi kokungena kwiinkcazo ezinde zesayensi malunga neekhonsepthi eziphambili kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo ngalo mbandela, kuyafuneka ukuba sihlangane kwakhona malunga nomxholo wokufunda ngamnye wethu anawo.

Ukusukela ekuqaleni kobukho, sonke sikulungele iindlela zokufunda esele zihleli kumasiko osapho, nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono yengqondo, ayingabo bonke abantwana abanamathuba afanayo okufunda kunye nokukhula ngaphakathi kwemida ethathelwa ingqalelo isempilweni. Kungenxa yokuba Umntwana ngamnye unesimo esahlukileyo sokuqonda kunabanyeKe ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ujonge indlela efanayo yokuziphatha ukuze ubone ukuba yeyiphi okanye yeyiphi na indlela yokufunda ngokwamandla ayo okuvela kwimeko ethile.

Kulapho inzululwazi kunye nesayikholoji zinokuba nobunzima obukhulu kwimfundo yabantwana, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba umntwana kunokwenzeka ukuba afunde kwangoko kunabantu abadala ukuba aziqhelanise ngokukhawuleza neeparameter ezintsha. Kuluntu lokuqala kwihlabathi kunokwenzeka ukuba a imfundo esekwe kwimigaqo esisiseko yengqondo sebenza

Ngoluhlu olufanayo lweengcamango, ezi ngcamango sizakuchaza ngezantsi, zisekwe kumanyathelo alula enza inkqubo ende yokufumana ulwazi ngenjongo efanelekileyo kubomi bomntu.

Ngamafutshane, ezi ithiyori zinceda umntu ukuba aqonde, aqikelele kwaye afake iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwabantu, ukuze kusekwe amacebo anceda ekuqondeni ukuba umntu ulufumana njani ulwazi. Olona phononongo luphambili lwezi nkcazo lujolise ekufumaneni izakhono okanye ubuchule bokufumana kamva iikhonsepthi zabo.  

Zithini iithiyori zokufunda?

Konke ukufunda kuthetha utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okanye kwindlela yokuphila, kwaye kwa ezi ziphumo ezifanayo zibangela ukufunda okufanayo, oko kukuthi, oko nganye Umntu uyakwazi ukufumana ulwazi entsha nokuba ungakanani na ubudala wenza into eyahlukileyo, yona, le mpembelelo ibuyisiwe kwaye yenza iipateni zokuziphatha ezisekwe kwimikhwa emitsha yophuhliso.

Ithiyori nganye yezifundo inesiseko sokwasengqondweni nezentanda-bulumko, esilawula ukuba silungiswe kwaye silungelelaniswe nomgangatho wokufundisa ukuze siziphumeze kumagumbi okufundisela; Ke ngoko, ziyindlela yokufunda umntu ophuma kuyo yonke imimandla.

Kulapho ke iba ngumsebenzi ontsokothileyo ukuchaza ngokuqinisekileyo amagama ithiyori kunye nokufunda; ukusukela ekubonweni kwimbono yefilosofi, umbono wezengqondo kunye nokufundisa, inokuba nencazelo eyahlukileyo okanye ehambelana. Nangona kunjalo, onke amasebe afunda ezi theori anenjongo enye ngokufanayo: ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kunye neendlela zokufunda ezinokufunyanwa ngumntu, nokuba bangakanani na ngokobudala, ubuhlanga okanye udidi lwentlalo.

Zingajongwa phantsi kweziphi iindlela ezi ngcamango?

Njengazo zonke ithiyori, ulwazi ngalunye oluyibhalileyo lubonakalisiwe phantsi kwelensi yophando evavanya iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka kuyo.

Ithiyori sisiphelo sokugqibela esivela kwinkqubo ende yokulinga kunye nephutha kunye neziseko zophando, yiyo loo nto iinkcazo zokufunda ezifundwayo namhlanje azizizo izigqibo ezathathwa kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ezinye, zezona ziphambili, zasebenza njengesiseko sophando kunye nophuhliso lwethiyori zamva.

Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngcamango siyazi namhlanje zinemibono emine ngokubanzi: ukugxila kwindlela yokuziphatha ebonakalayo, ukufunda njengesiseko senkqubo yengqondo, iimvakalelo njengezinto ezimiselweyo zokufunda, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukufunda kwezentlalo.

Ubuntu

Lo mqondo umangalisayo, uvela kwii-60s zokufunda umntu ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuneengqondo, apho imigaqo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha ikwakha iindlela ezithile zokuziphatha. Nangona eli gama linokubizwa ngokuba yi-Renaissance humanism, bekungekho kwikhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo ukuba linikwe intsingiselo "yoluntu".

Le ntshukumo yobukrelekrele iyaphula neengcinga zangaphambili zengqondo apho i  Ithiyori yomgangatho wokusebenza iyaphikisana xa isitsho Isiphumo ngasinye sakha indlela yokuziphatha komntu. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, ubuntu buyafuna ukufunda umntu ephela, apho umdla wakhe, izinto ezikhuthazayo kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni zizonke ezichaza okanye ezimbeka kwimeko.

Ikwafuna ukudala abantu abaneleyo phantsi komoya wokuzimela kwengcinga kunye nesigqibo.

Omnye wabameli abamele lo mbutho ngu-Abraham Maslow, ochaza ukuba abantu kufuneka banelise okanye banelise ezona mfuno zabo ziphambili ukufezekisa ukulingana ngokubanzi. Iphiramidi kaMaslow iyalela iimfuno ezisisiseko zomntu ngokulandelelana ngokweziqendu ngokokubaluleka komntu ngamnye kuphuhliso lobukho bakhe.

Kungoko ke apho umfundi onenqanaba elithile lokulinganisela ngaphakathi kwenqanaba leemfuno zakhe, anokwenza ukuba iindlela zokufunda zisebenze ngakumbi kubomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla.

Xa ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno nganye ebekiweyo kwiphiramidi, kulapho ke inakho khona qhubelela kwi yakha ukuzithemba okuzinzileyo, ubudlelwane obunempilo kwezentlalo kunye namandla okuzimela okukhuthaza ngokwakho.

Ngoku uyakwazi ukubeka ezona zinto ziphambili ngokubaluleka kwaye uthathe isigqibo sokuba uyafuna na ukuthembela ekufundeni ngamava okanye ekufundeni ababukeli; eyokuqala ibeyindlela yokufunda “eyiyo” ngokwesininzi sabantu, nangona kunjalo, indlela yesibini inokuphumelela ngokulinganayo ukuba umntu uyayithobela le miba iphambili.

Umntu onobuchule kwizizathu zobuntu, uhlala phantsi kwenkululeko yakhe, njengoko ehlangabezana neemfuno zakhe ezisisiseko kwaye ekwazi inkululeko Uyakwazi ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda ezisekwe kweyona nto imsebenzela kakhulu  

Ukuziphatha

Enye yeenkqubo zokufunda ezinengqiqo kukuziphatha, okwenziwe ngu UJohn B. Watson uthi umfundi akenzi nto kwaphela kwaye unokuvavanywa kuphela ngenkqubo yokujonga. Uya kuphendula kwizikhuthazi ezikungqongileyo ngendlela elungileyo okanye engalunganga.

Ke, ezi mpendulo ziya kwenza iziphumo zesikhuthazi, nokuba sibi okanye silungile, sibe nokohlwaya; enye ne iya kugqiba ukuba isimilo esilungileyo okanye esibi siphindaphindwe kwixesha elizayo.

Ngokunjalo nokuziphatha kunemiqobo emininzi njengethiyori yokufunda, kuba ithambekele kuphela ekufundeni into ekubhekiswa kuyo isekwe kuphela kukuziphatha kwayo hayi kwiinkqubo zokucinga; isifundo sangaphandle.

Ukuba indlela yokuziphatha eyenziwayo inempendulo entle kumfundi, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba iphinde iphinde iphindwe kwixesha elizayo, ukuba akunjalo, ayinakuphinda iphindwe kwakhona.

Emva kwexesha, uPavlov, wenza imifuniselo eliqela esebenzisa izinja kunye namahobe, apho isandi sensimbi sasinokuziphatha emva kwesikhuthazi. Emva kokudibanisa ukuvuselelwa kokutya kunye nesandi sentsimbi, uPavlov ukwazile ukwenza izinja ukuba ziginye amathe ngokukhalisa intsimbi. Ke wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba iziphumo zezenzo ziyahambelana nokuziphatha.

Ukuqonda

Ngokuchasene nokuziphatha, ukuqonda ukuqonda kunika iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo ezingafundiswanga kwizifundo zokuziphatha. Ngoku ingqondo iyinxalenye yesifundo esintsonkothileyo kwaye ngakumbi ngokuhambelana nomntu kunye namandla akhe engqondo.

Ukwazi ukuqonda, kubaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni amandla ohlalutyo, ukusombulula iingxaki kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo ukufikelela kwindlela yokufunda.

Ngokucacileyo, ukuqonda izinto kwavela njengomlingani wendlela yokuziphatha, apho eyona nto iphambili ichaza ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukuzimela yedwa phantsi kwempembelelo yengqondo indlela yokuziphatha eyahlukileyo ayamkelayo. Ukhusela ukuba kungenxa yenyani yokuba nenkuthazo yangaphandle, kufuneka ukuba kubekho ukufunda okanye ipateni, apho abantu ngokulula ayinakusebenza okanye isabele njengezilwanyana.

Utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha lujongwa ngokucacileyo kodwa njengempendulo kwizalathiso ezinikwa yingqondo emntwini, hayi njengesiphumo sovuselelo lwangaphandle.

Enye yeethiyori ezinxulumene nokufunda, ithi abantu banako funda ngokukhawuleza ngezinto ezikhuthazayo nangamagamaNgamanye amagama, umntu uyakwazi ukugcina ulwazi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukuba izinto ezimbini ezikwezi ndidi zinxulunyaniswa nazo. Le ithiyori yokufunda ngemultimedia yile ibekwe nguMayer, ikhuselwe namhlanje ngabahlohli kunye noochwephesha bengqondo njengeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda, ngakumbi iminyaka yabaselula.

Ukufunda kwezentlalo

Le ithiyori, iyavela, ikwangqinelana nokuzingqina kokuziphatha hayi ngokoko kuthathwa ngokuba "bubulumko", oko kukuthi; Intoni Abantu abanakho kuphela ukufunda ngokuhambelana nokuziphatha okufunyenwe kwiziphumo zezenzo zabo.

Kwisayikholojisti yaseCanada egama linguAlbert Bandura, ayizizo zonke izinto ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo kunye neziphumo ezinokuchaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda. Ithi kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuba abantu baxhomekeke kuphela kumava afunyenwe sithi ukuze bafumane imfundo enentsingiselo, kuba, ngokujonga kwabantu besithathu, ukufunda kungafezekiswa.

Ngokuphinda uqalise ukubaluleka kokukhulela kwindawo esempilweni, abantwana banako ukuphindaphinda isimilo ngokujonga nje kwabanye, ngakumbi ukuba ngabantu abadala abalingisa kwiindawo ezinokuphindwa kamva.

Esinye sezifundo zakhe sasiquka ukurekhoda umntu omdala ebetha unodoli kwaye abonise ividiyo kwiqela labantwana, ngaxa lithile umntwana akazange akwazi ukuphinda indlela aziphethe ngayo. Uya kuyenza ngokwakhe xa efumene ithuba lokwenza njalo.

Kulapho ke aqukumbela khona ukuba abantu bayakwazi ukufunda ngokusekwe kwinto esele beyibonile kwabanye endaweni yokuxhomekeka kwiindlela zabo zokuziphatha.