I-15 yeyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yokubhala ye-Renaissance

Iyaqwalaselwa "Ukuzalwa ngokutsha"Ukuya kwixesha elisusela ku-1400 ukuya ku-1600 AD, oko kukuthi, ukusuka nge-XNUMX ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Le yayiyintshukumo yenkcubeko eyaqala eYurophu, apho nangona olona tshintsho lwaluguquguqukayo yayiluncwadi, izinto ezintsha kwicandelo lezenzululwazi zinokuqwalaselwa.

Intshukumo yafuna phinda wamkele izimvo zobuntu, ezivumela ukufumana intsingiselo entsha ebantwini nakwihlabathi elihlala kulo. Kwakungathi kubuyela emva kwixesha lenkcubeko yamaGrike namaLatin, kodwa ngoku imodeli yenkcubeko yamkelwa apho indalo inendawo ebaluleke ngakumbi; ezathathwa kuye ziimbono eziqinileyo nezingqongqo ezazikhona kwilizwekazi laseYurophu kumaxesha aphakathi (le ntshukumo yayilutshintsho ukusuka kumaXesha Aphakathi ukuya kule mihla).

Ngelo xesha, kwavela inani elikhulu imisebenzi zoncwadi Renaissance, nto leyo kuphela wenza umbono ngaloo minyaka, kodwa uninzi lwazo - ezinye zezona zibalaseleyo ehlabathini namhlanje. Umzekelo, uDon Quijote de la Mancha obhalwe nguMiguel de Cervantes, owona msebenzi uguqulelweyo nothengiswayo emhlabeni (ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo iBhayibhile), apho phantse kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini ifundwa kwizikolo nakwiiyunivesithi.

Njengalo mzekelo, mininzi imisebenzi. Kuya kufuneka ubuyele umva kwaye uhambe ngamanye amaxesha ukusuka kwi-Renaissance eyadlulayo kwaye ujonge abantu abadumileyo abathi ngemisebenzi yabo bathimbe izigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela.

Ngapha koko, azikho iinoveli kuphela kwimibhalo yoncwadi lwesiNtu; sinokufumana imibongo, izincoko okanye iqonga lezemidlalo, umzekelo, kuba uncwadi lwenziwa ngeendidi ngeendidi. Nangona kunjalo, uya kuqaphela ukuba uninzi lwemisebenzi yinoveli, izincoko kunye nemibhalo (iMvelovelo).

Utopia nguTomas Mora

Igama elithi "Utopia" laqanjwa nguTomás Moro, umyili wenoveli enegama elifanayo. Intsingiselo yayo ithi, ngengqiqo yokoqobo "akukho ndawo", ebhekisa kwindawo engekhoyo xa umbhali wayefuna Chaza umbono woluntul (nangona kwiminyaka kamva igama lifumene enye inkcazo). Ukongeza, igama elipheleleyo lomsebenzi "yiNcwadi yemeko efanelekileyo yeriphabliki kwisiqithi esitsha sase-Utopia" kunye nemihla yokupapashwa kwayo ukusukela kunyaka we-1516.

Umsebenzi wahlulwe kabini. Eyokuqala ukuba yingxoxo apho umbhali asebenzise inkcazo ngokunika iinkcukacha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eNgilane kwiminyaka yoKuvuselelwa (XV kunye neXVI); Ngelixa owesibini egxile kumlinganiswa obalisa ukuba bunjani ubomi kwisiqithi "esingekhoyo" kwiindawo ezinje ngezopolitiko, ifilosofi okanye ubugcisa, ezazingafani kwaphela nolunye uluntu ngelo xesha.

Izincoko Miguel de Montaigne

izincoko ikwayenye yemisebenzi yoncwadi ethandwayo kunye neyabameli yoRenaissance. Yayibhalwe ngu UMichael de Montaigne yaza yapapashwa ngo-1580, oko kukuthi, ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngaphandle koko, umbhali uthathwa njengenye yezinto eziphambili eziphambili zobuntu baseFrance ngelo xesha.

Lo msebenzi kukudityaniswa kwezincoko ezili-107, yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngelo gama. Into eyothusayo ayisiyomxholo wabo kuphela, apho ifunyanwa kwiingcinga ezimfutshane, kwizincoko zokwenyani apho zisebenzisa khona ifilosofi stoic o ukuthandabuza kwaye ezinye zizele ngamava okanye ngamava obuqu; kodwa nangendlela ezazibhalwe ngayo, ukusukela ekudalweni komsebenzi, uMontaigne wacinga ngokuvakalayo ngelixa oonobhala bakhe bebhala amanqaku.

Inkosana kaNicholas Machiavelli

Le yile Umsebenzi woncwadi lokuhlaziya edume kakhulu Machiavelli, isithandi sobulumko kwezopolitiko kunye nomqeshwa waseburhulumenteni wexesha lokuzalwa, elalithathwa njengoyise wesayensi yezopolitiko; Ukongeza, igama lakhe lasebenza ekuchazeni amagama "Machiavellian kunye neMachiavellianism." Akukho suku ngqo lokupapashwa, kodwa kucingelwa ukuba lwaluphakathi kuka-1531 no-1532.

Inkosana ayisiyoncwadi okanye yimbali, kodwa yinto ebhaliweyo (uhlobo loncwadi oluvumela ukubonakaliswa kolwazi oluthile ngendlela enocwangco) kwimeko yezopolitiko. Yayenzelwe ukuba ichaze abalawuli bexesha (iinkosana) indlela echanekileyo ekufuneka belawule ngayo ukuba bafuna ukuhlala emandleni.

I-Eulogy kwimpambano ka-Erasmus

KumaXesha Aphakathi, u-Erasmus (1467-1536) wayethathwa njengomnye wabantu ababalaseleyo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, into awayibonisa ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "The Praise of Madness" owapapashwa ngo-1511 nalapho wawunikezela kumhlobo wakhe uThomas More.

Umsebenzi "sisincoko" esiqala ngesiqwengana setoni ehlekisayo, apho ke sigubungela izihloko ezinje ngeenkolelo, imikhwa emibi yeCawe kunye neebhulukhwe zeenyawo; kwaye emva koko uphuhlise umxholo othile, i Izibonelelo zokungazi ngenxa yokuqiqa kunye nengqiqo, evumela abantu beeklasi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo ukuba bancume nangona iimeko ezahlukeneyo bazifumana bekuzo.

UDon Quixote de la Mancha nguMiguel de Cervantes

"UDon Quijote de la Mancha" uthathwa njengowona msebenzi ubalaseleyo emhlabeni, eyayibhalwe ngu Miguel de Cervantes yaza yapapasha inxalenye yayo yokuqala eSpain ngowe-1605 neyesibini kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, oko kukuthi, ngowe-1615.

Incwadana kaCervantes yayingumanduleli wenoveli yanamhlanje kunye ne-polyphonic eyodwa (indibaniselwano yeengcinga ezahlukeneyo kunye neengcinga ngokwembono zabalinganiswa abohlukileyo). Kuyo, kwakusetyenziswa ithoni ye-burlesque, into eyenzekileyo okwesihlandlo sokuqala ngelo xesha kwaye ekugqibeleni yashenxa kwithoni enesidima kunye neyokuziphatha.

Umsebenzi awukho kuphela parody yeencwadi chivalry Ukusukela ngoko, kodwa umbhali uthathe ithuba lokugxeka uluntu lwaseSpain kwaye ngokungangqalanga wamema abafundi ukuba bacamngce ngemimandla eyahlukeneyo, enjengobulungisa, uthando okanye ukholo. Konke oku phantsi kwengxoxo yokuyila kunye neyantlandlolo, ukusuka kwindoda eneminyaka ephakathi kwe-La Mancha (iminyaka engama-50), owathi, emva kokufunda inani elikhulu leencwadi ze-chivalric, wagqiba kwelokuba anxibe njenge-knight kwaye aphile ngokuzonwabisa kwakhe fiction.kwaye apho abalinganiswa abaninzi baxhamla ithuba lokuhlekisa ngaye kunye neqabane lakhe, uSancho Panza. Ukufezekisa ukuba uDon Quixote ubuyile engqondweni emva kwamava akhe amabi, kodwa ngokubuyisela, uphulukana nobomi bakhe.

Ubomi bukaLazarillo de Tormes

Le nxalenye yeyona nto ibalaseleyo Imisebenzi yoncwadi yokuvuselelwa Ngaphandle kokungamazi umbhali wayo, oko kukuthi, umyili wale noveli yaseSpain akaziwa (nangona kukho abaviwa abaliqela ekuthe kuwo lo msebenzi wenziwe, kodwa akukabikho mntu wokwenyani). Ukongeza, sisandulela senkqutyana "yenoveli yepicaresque" enkosi ekusebenziseni izinto ezahlukeneyo ezazingaqhelekanga kwaphela ngelo xesha.

Lo msebenzi ubalisa ngobomi bukaLázaro de Tormes ukusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe ukuya emtshatweni wakhe, apho umbhali wachukumisa imiba yezentlalo enje ngemikhwa emibi okanye uhanahaniso, ngakumbi le yamanani abalulekileyo enkolo. Kubhaliwe ngendlela yobomi, ke ingxelo nguLázaro ngokwakhe ebalisa ngamava akhe kunye namava akhe, kunye nokudibana kwakhe nomfundisi, squire, inceba yenceba, u-buldero, umfundisi kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngumgcini-bailiff.

URomeo noJuliet nguWilliam Shakespeare

Lo msebenzi ulusizi we William Shakespeare (Umbhali wemidlalo yesiNgesi, umdlali weqonga kunye nembongi) yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwimibhalo yoncwadi, zombini zombhali kunye nehlabathi (kunye Hamlet, nangona "uRomeo noJuliet" babemelwe ngakumbi). Umhla wokupapashwa ngu-1597 kwaye wapapashwa ngesiNgesi.

Umdlalo uqulethe ibali labathandi ababini abangenako ukuba kunye ngenxa yokuba izalamane zabo zazingabalingani. Nangona kunjalo, bobabini bagqiba kwelokuba babaleke, batshate ngokufihlakeleyo kwaye bahlala kunye; kodwa oku kuhlaziywa, kunye nenani elikhulu leziganeko, kubangela ukuba esi sibini sikhethe ukuzibulala kunokuhlala ngaphandle komnye nomnye. Okumangalisayo kukuba, xa ezi ntsapho zimbini zisweleka, bayaxolelana.

Hamlet nguWilliam Shakespeare

UWilliam Shakespeare uphinde avele ngomnye umdlalo omanyumnyezi awupapashe ngo-1605, awubiza ngokuba yi "Hamlet", lo ngumdlalo osekelwe ilivo lamaleth nakwiUre-Hamlet, kwaye yeyona inde kumbhali.

Ibali liqukethe uKing Hamlet waseDenmark, owabulawa nguClaudius (umntakwabo wenkosi). Ukusuka apho, unyana kaHamlet ubonakala njengoyise ecela uncedo lokuziphindezela kumbulali.

Imixholo ephambili yomdlalo kukuphindezela, ukungcatsha, uhanahaniso okanye umbulo. Ukongeza, kuyacaca ukuba intlungu yokusweleka kukayise imenza unyana atshintshe le "ntlungu" ibe ngumsindo ogqithileyo.

Ngokwenene iklasikhi kwaye yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zoncwadi lwe-Renaissance kuncwadi lwesiNgesi, kunye neminye imisebenzi emibini yombhali (iRomeo noJuliet, kunye neMacbeth).

Siyathemba ukuba le misebenzi yoncwadi ye-Renaissance iya kuthanda kuwe, kuba eneneni zizinto zakudala ekufanele ukuba uzifundile. Ungalibali ukuba wabelane ngayo kwiinethiwekhi zakho, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo umntu unomdla.

Incwadi elungileyo yothando kaArcipreste de Hita

Enye yezinto ezinkulu Imizekelo yoncwadi lwe-Renaissance. Kuyo, siza kufumana intshayelelo yakhe, apho umbhali enza ukuba icace intsingiselo yomsebenzi. Emva koko kukho ibali ngobomi bakhe, nangona enezinto ezininzi eziyinyani, esele iyincwadi uqobo. Umsebenzi obalisa ngothando olwahlukileyo kubantu abohlukeneyo.Kodwa ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, kodwa umsebenzi ukhatshwa ziintsomi okanye amabali abonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya kunye nomchukumisi ovuyayo owuthandayo.

Kukho into ebambekayo kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuya kwi Umdlalo wexesha eliphakathi okuvela kwisandla sabalinganiswa bakaDon Melon kunye noDoña Endrina. Iisatires kunye neeparodi azikude kakhulu. Yintoni eyenza ibe lelinye lamagugu amakhulu ngeli xesha ekufuneka lihlale lithathelwa ingqalelo.

Iphupha lasebusuku likaShakespeare leMidsummer

Kwakhona uShakespeare wabumba omnye wemidlalo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngumdlalo weqonga obhalwe malunga nonyaka, ngo-1595. Kuyo zonke iinkcukacha eziveliswa ngeenxa zonke Umtshato kaTheus noHippolyta. NguDuke waseAthene kwaye nguKumkanikazi wamaAmazon. Ibali lothando lidityaniswe namaphupha amaninzi kodwa kunye nomlingo, kuba ii-fairies zihlala zikhona. Njengokuba ibingenakuba ngaphantsi, bekukho iinguqulelo zamva kwaye yathathwa yaya kwilizwe le-cinema amatyeli aliqela.

Udidi oluBalaseleyo lukaDante

Umhla ngqo owabhalwa ngawo uDante's Divine Comedy awaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo. Kodwa kuyaziwa ukuba yenye yeendlela ze- umsebenzi wobugcisa wase-Itali kwaye jikelele. Le nto isixelela le ncwadi yiyo yonke into efundwe kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ukusuka kumaxesha akudala ukuya kumaxesha aphakathi.

Kuyo utyhila iinkolelo zakhe, ngakumbi ezenkolo kunye nefilosofi. Kuninzi okubhekiswa kuko abalinganiswa basentsomini. Kwaye uninzi luchaze ukuba ngumbongo wenkolo obeka izihloko ezinje ngesono okanye oothixo etafileni. Kubume bayo sinamalungu aliqela: isihogo, iPurgatory neParadesi.

La Celestina nguFernando de Rojas

UFernando de Rojas wayengumbhali waseSpain, ngakumbi ovela eTalavera de la Reina. Waziwa ikakhulu ngokunika uLa Celestina ubomi. Ihlala ineentsingiselo ezininzi kodwa into esiyiqondayo yile yokuba ibalisa ibali phakathi ICalisto neMelibea. Ibali lothando, ukuthandana kabuhlungu ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Ngelo xesha kwakuqhelekile ukusebenzisa umntu ukuba abe ngumlamli phakathi kwabantu ababini. Ke ukuba ukuthandana okanye ukudibana kwenzeka phakathi kwezithandani. Ukongeza kwibali ngokwalo, iimpawu kunye nobunzulu oboniswa ngumlinganiswa ngamnye ziyachukumisa. Nangona kubonakala ngathi uFernando de Rojas wayithanda into ayithandayo yenza oonobumba ababini bokuncedisana kwaye ke imeko yomntu ngamnye kubo yenziwe ngenene.

Ugqirha Faustus nguMarlowe

Le ncwadi ithetha ngayo Ubuqaqawuli Ngubani umlinganiswa odumileyo kwinkcubeko yaseJamani. Ke sinokuthi yintsomi yakudala. Kwaye awukho owona mhla wokushicilelwa kwale ncwadi, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba ayizukude kakhulu ukusuka ku-1593. Ngokukwanjalo singathi yintlekele.

Nangona, njengoko kuhlala kusenzeka, kwaye phantse ngokwendalo, siya kuthi kwakhona sifumane ukubamba komdlalo. Inezingelosi ezilungileyo kunye nezinye ezingalunganga kangako. Indibaniselwano ekwabandakanya Izono ezisixhenxe ezibulalayo.

Ukusweleka kuka-Arthur waseMalory

Ngomnye wemisebenzi eyaziwayo kwaye iya kubalisa ngokusweleka kukaArturo, njengoko isihloko sayo sibonisa, nangona ingezizo ezona zihloko zidala zolu hlobo. Nokuba kunjalo, kukho iindawo apho kunokuthiwa ngenene ukuba Imathiriyeli ayipapashwa kwiMaloy. Kodwa kwabanye, lulungelelwaniso.

Inokuba ngaphantsi kangakanani, kuyinyani ukuba ukongeza ekuthetheni kwaye xela iziganeko zangaphambili ebomini bukaKumkani Arthur, uyenza nakwimikhondo yetafile ejikelezayo. Iziganeko ezininzi eziyimfuneko ukuze sikwazi ukuliqonda kakuhle ibali. UArturo, uMerlin okanye uMorgana uya kubakho kule ngxelo.

IGargantua kunye nePantagruel

Ewe, besingafuni ukulahla olu khetho lwemisebenzi yoncwadi kwi-Renaissance ngaphandle kokuthetha ngemisebenzi yesiFrentshi. Kule meko, ezi ziinoveli ezintlanu ezazibhalwe ngu UFrançois Rabelais. Kuzo siza kufumana ulangazelelo lwezigebenga ezibini.

Omnye nguGargantúa kunye nomnye uPantagruel, ongunyana wakhe. Ibali libhalwe ngendlela ehlekisayo kunye neebrashi ezinqabileyo kakhulu zexesha lazo. Ngaphandle kokulibala izinyeliso ezibhengeziweyo kunye nezinye izinto ezithandwayo, kodwa ezingakhange zibonwe. Ukuba ngomnye wemisebenzi ekufuneka uyiqwalasele.