Imisinga yefilosofi yimikhwa eqale ukutyhubela iminyaka kwimbali yefilosofi. Kufuneka iqatshelwe into yokuba oku kulawula iintshukumo okanye 'indlela yokuphila' yomntu, kwezinye iimeko ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuya kuxhomekeka nakwinkcubeko asebenza kuyo umntu lowo.
Inye nganye inexesha layo lokuvela, kunye nombhali onike ukuqonda kunye nokubonisa umbono, oku kungundoqo ukuyilwa kwemisinga. Nangona banokuba linani elibanzi kwaye okwangoku baneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika, kukho abathile abangoovulindlela kwaye bagqamile, kokubini koko bakuthethayo nakwifilosofi yabo yoyilo.
Enye into enomdla kwaye ibalulekileyo ukuqaqambisa kukuba ngokwesiqhelo imisinga yefilosofi yenzeka ngokwamaqela oonontlalontle ababizwa ngokuba "sisikolo sefilosofi", oku ngenxa yesidingo sokudibana ukuze babelane ngeempawu ezifanayo kwaye zihambelane nendlela yokucinga ukuze ibonakaliswe phantsi kwegama okanye ileyibheli ebameleyo.
Umzekelo, kwi- intshukumo yefilosofi Ukusuka 'kumzekeliso', owenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaye yayisekwe ekuqaqambiseni amandla okuqiqa, ubulumko bokubonisa ubungqangi obuqulunqwe nguRené Descartes baqala kwaye babonakaliswa ngokukhanyela yonke into malunga nemizwa, bekholelwa ukuba bayazithoba kwaye bayalahlekisa; ukubeka izizathu ngaphezulu kwazo njengomthombo wolwazi lwesayensi ngqo.
Ewe kukho imijelo ebhenca ngokupheleleyo ngokuchaseneyo naleyo ibivelisiwe ngaphambili. Esinye sezikolo ezibalaseleyo zokucinga yi-anarchism, ethi ngokwababhali ivele kungekuphela nje kwisakhelo seengcamango zoKhanyiso kodwa nakwiRevolution yaseFrance. Esi sigwebo sisekwe kwintlangano yasentlalweni yasimahla hayi kwicala likaRhulumente kuba abakholelwa emandleni nasekulawuleni komntu komnye umntu; uthembekile abakholelwa kulungelelwaniso lomntu kwaye uyiphembelela njani inkqubela yakho.
Emva kwexesha, kwaqala ukuqulunqwa kwemisinga yefilosofi kunye noogxa babo, oko kukuthi, enye ingcinga eyayinokuphikisa, ivumele iinkolelo kunye nemibuzo yeengcinga ukuba zibonwe kwangaphambili. Emva kombutho wokukhanyisa kwavela iqela le-'posivism 'elahlala unyaka, ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kweye-20 kwaye laveza ikakhulu ukuba umoya womntu wawusele ugqibile kumazwe amathathu awayequka imeko yezakwalizwi, ezemvelo kunye nezintle. Oko kukuthi, ukwala ubukhulu becala okomoya, babephikisana nemibono, bexoxa nabo ngezibakala, bebeka uvavanyo kunokuba lube luthiyori ngaphezulu.
Olu luphononongo oluncinci kunye nembono yokubeka kwimeko malunga nokuba yintoni imisinga kunye nendlela eyenzeke ngayo, nangona kunjalo, zingaphezulu kakhulu kunoko.
Eyona misinga yefilosofi ibalaseleyo
Ubukhosi
Obu bukho buvele kwixesha langoku kwaye bungu-a ithiyori yolwazi, apho kuthiwe konke ukufunda kwenzeka ngamava, kunika ingqwalaselo yoluvo ekudalweni kwezimvo. Oyena mxhasi wakhe ubalulekileyo yayinguDavid Hume.
Kufanelekile ukongeza ukuba eli gama livela kwisiGrike ?????????? (ngamagama, amava) kunye nenguqulelo yesiLatin yile amava, ivela kwigama amava.
Enye yeziphumo zayo ligama lesiGrike nelamaRoma lezobugcisa, elibhekisa koogqirha abafezekisa izakhono zabo kumava asebenzayo kwaye kungekuphela nje ngokufundisa ithiyori.
Ukuhlengahlengiswa
Ifuna ukungqina ukuba ingqondo yomntu sele inolwazi lwangaphambili okanye imigaqo ngaphandle kokuba namava. Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla yabhengezwa nguRené Descartes, kwilizwekazi laseYurophu.
Iingcamango
Njengoko igama layo liyivumela ukuba ibone kwangaphambili, yenye yeefilosofi zamanje ezisekwe ekuthobeleni nasekumeleni kwayo, ukukhanyela okanye ukubala ubukho bayo yonke into enxulumene nomhlaba ongaphandle. Ukwenza ukuba iqondakale ngakumbi, le yangoku ikhusela ukuba into ayinakubakho ukuba akukho mntu ucinga ukuba uyazi ngayo. Kwangokunjalo, ukuyazi okanye ukufunda ngayo, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukuqonda, izimvo kunye neengcinga.
Ithiyori enjalo inezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngeenjongo kunye nokuzimela. Eyokuqala ithi izimvo zikhona ngokwazo kwaye ziyaziwa okanye zifundwa ngamava. Phakathi kwabameli ababalaseleyo boku kucinga ULeibniz, uHegel, uBernard Bolzano, uDilthey.
Ngokuchasene noko, ngenxa yokuzithoba, iingcinga zikholelwa ukuba izimvo zikhona engqondweni yomntu ngamnye kwaye akukho hlabathi langaphandle elisebenza lodwa. Abakhuseli bale hypothesis yayinguDescartes, Berkeley, Kant, Fichte, Mach, Cassirer noCollwood. Kule nto ngokukodwa umntu unokufumana ingxelo eguqukayo ethi "izinto azikho ngokwazo kodwa zikhona kuphela izinto ezikhoyo" kunye nohlobo oluphakathi "oluqinisekisa ukuba izinto zingumbala weglasi abajongwa ngayo".
Imvelaphi
Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ikakhulu inoxanduva umlahle okanye umlahle umntu, ukuba inemigaqo-nkqubo okanye imeko yokufana. Ukuba ukholelwa kwisayensi ejolise kuyo kunye nemithetho yophando.
Kwavela eFrance ngenkulungwane ye-19 ngu-Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, no de UJohn Stuart Mill; emva koko yasasazeka kuyo yonke iYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, kuthiwa isandulela sayo sokuqala phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17 yayinguFrancis Bacon.
Stoicism
Ugxile ngakumbi kwindalo iphela kunye nokuziphatha; oku kushumayela i ukubaluleka kwesizinda kunye nokulawulwa kwezibakala, iinkanuko, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezihlala ziphazamisa ubukho bentloko, ukuze zisebenzise zombini isibindi kunye nesizathu somntu.
Ngenye yeyona indala kwaye isusela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. Kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ye-AD. C. Kwaye elona nqanaba libalulekileyo lalilelexesha lamaGrike. Umsunguli weStoicism yayinguZeno waseCitio kwaye phakathi kwabaxhasi bakhe abaziwayo Cicero, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, Sixth Empiric.
Ulwakhiwo
Nangona igama layo ngokucacileyo lingathethi ukuba yenye yeefilosofi ezinje, ngokweengcinga ezinokubakho inokuthi yenzeke kwaye isekwe kwinto yokuba kufuneka igqithe kwinto eyenzekayo ngokwamandla, ibe luhlobo lwendlela Hlalutya ulwimi, inkcubeko kunye noluntu.
Umqalisi kunye nommeli obaluleke kakhulu wethiyori yayinguClaude Lévi-Strauss kwiminyaka engama-40.
UPhenomenology
Lo mlambo funda yonke into eyenzekayo emhlabeni -INkcazo- evela kwinto ethile okanye iqela lezi zinto zenzekileyo. Kuyatshiwo ukuba oku kuvela kumanyano phakathi kokuqina kunye nokucinga. Abameli bayo abafanelekileyo babenjalo IHusserl, iMerleau-Ponty, iSartre, iHeidegger.
Ukuthanda izinto eziphathekayo
Yifilosofi yangoku, njengoko igama layo libonisa, iqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ibambekile, ikwala into engumoya njengomphefumlo, ikamva kunye nobukho bukaThixo. Izimvo ezibuthathaka zivumelekile kuba zikwanemathiriyeli. Ngokwabaphandi, inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengenye yezinto ezingalunganga.
U-Epicurus kunye noMarx baphakathi kwabaxhasi balolu hlobo lwangoku.
Ubukho
Yahlukile kwezinye ezazimelwe njengefilosofi yezinto, le ibalulekile emntwini enjalo, imveza njengomntu ozimeleyo ozikhuphileyo okhoyo kwiNdawo yonke ngaphandle kobukho bukaThixo. Le yangoku isekwe kwi- Uhlalutyo lwemeko yomntu, inkululeko, iimvakalelo kunye nentsingiselo yobomi ngokubanzi.
Okwangoku kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba ayiyongcamango ehlengahlengisiweyo okanye ehambelanayo, enyanisweni, kuthiwa abaxhasi bayo abavumelani ngokupheleleyo nefilosofi yesiqhelo.
Kule minyaka iye yahluka kakhulu kwaye namhlanje kukho iinguqulelo ezintathu ezibandakanya ubuKrestu obukhoyo, ubukho be-agnostic kunye nokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo. Oovulindlela babenjalo UPascal, Kierkegaard, uSartre, uCamus, uHeidegger.
Ukuthandabuza
Ngokuyintloko kugxila okanye kusekwe ekubuzweni kwezinto, ukuthandabuza okusisigxina okwala ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto okanye ubukho bezi zinto, ngaphandle kokuba kuqinisekiswe ngobungqina obuchasayo.
UDiogenes Laercio, uHume okanye uBerkeley babengabameli ababalulekileyo kolu qeqesho.
Abagxeki
Okwangoku kusekwe kwiGrisi yakudala, ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC. C. oko kwakusekwe kwisenzo sokwala ukuba yeyiphi eyamkelweyo intlalo kunye nokuziphatha. Ubomi bokugxeka bujolise kwinkolelo yokuba ulonwabo lufezekiswa ngokuphila ngokulula nangokugqibeleleyo, ngokwendalo.
Ukubhekisa kwinto abayityhilileyo okanye ukuphikisa into abangavumelani ngayo, basebenzise izixhobo zokuhlekisa, isigqebelo kunye nentshukumo yomzimba. Yayisungulwa nguAntisthenes kwaye omnye wabafundi bakhe ababalulekileyo yayinguDiogenes waseSinope.
Ukuthandana
Akufanele idideke kunye nentshukumo yobugcisa. Kolu qeqesho lobomi, yayikholelwa kumandla anokwazi konke okupheleleyo. Lubonakala ngokuzibaxa izinto zendalo, ukuzichaza njengemeko yokwenene yokuqonda komntu.
Injongo yayo kukuqinisekisa iimvakalelo, inkululeko kunye namanye amagama ahambelana nendalo kumntu nobuthixo. Abaxhasi abaphambili yayinguHegel, Schelling kunye noFichte.
Ingqondo
Ukuphikiswa kokuthandabuza kunye nokucinga kuthathelwa ingqalelo, ngokusekwe kumandla afanelekileyo wento ngokunxulumene nomxholo. Iqinisekisa ukuba ingqondo yomntu iyakwazi ukwazi inyani. Omnye wabameli ezinkulu le yangoku yaba Spinoza.
Ukugxekwa
Isekwe kwibango lokuba likwazi ukumisela umda wolwazi olupheleleyo ngophando olucwangcisiweyo lweemeko ezinokubakho zokucinga. Le mfundiso epistemological yachazwa nguImanuel Emmanuel Kant.
Imijikelezo yefilosofi yezopolitiko
Ikhontrakthi
Iyaziwa njengenye yeefilosofi zala maxesha kwezopolitiko kwaye isekwe kwinto yokuba abantu kufuneka bayikhabe inkolelo yokuba uRhulumente kunye noluntu luyinto yendalo. Ukufuna ukuba kukho isivumelwano esisekwe phakathi kwabo baqala ukuba yinxalenye yoluntu olutsha kwaye ngandlela thile bafumane umanyano nenkululeko kunye nokulingana. Abona babenzi bayo babalaseleyo yayiyiRousseau, Kant, Hobbes, Spinoza kunye neLocke.
Uncedo
Enye yeentanda zefilosofi echaza ukuba into elungileyo kunye neyamkelekileyo yokuziphatha kubo bobabini kunye noluntu, iluncedo. Ukongeza ekubeni sisiseko sokulungileyo, ulonwabo lukwanxulumene nalo.
Nangona isiseko sinxulunyaniswa noProtagoras de Abdera, abona bantu babalaseleyo yayinguJ.Bentham kunye noJS Mill, ababekholelwa ukuba into eluncedo ivelisa izibonelelo, ulonwabo kunye nolunye ulonwabo, olucutha ukubakho kokubandezeleka okanye ukunciphisa iintlungu, ukubandezeleka kunye nomonakalo.
Ubukomanisi
Olu hlobo lukarhulumente luyakholelwa kwimibutho yezentlalo ngaphandle kobukho beepropathi zabucala, umahluko weklasi, phakathi kwezinye iimfundiso ezithintela ukulingana phakathi kwabo bonke. Ukuzama ukufezekisa inkululeko yomntu.
Kwabameli abaluleke kakhulu nguPlato, Marx, Engels noFourier.
Ubusoshiyali
Isekwe kwinto yokuba zombini iipropathi kunye nolawulo lweendlela zemveliso zisezandleni zabasebenzi ngeenjongo zokufezekisa umbutho eluntwini ophuhlisa ukulingana kwezopolitiko, kwezentlalo nakwezoqoqosho. UMarx noProudhon zezona zinto zazibaluleke kakhulu.
Inkululeko
Enye yeentanda-bulumko zezopolitiko eziqinisekisa ukuba uRhulumente kufuneka asuse isibonelelo sentengiso, ngelixa icala lezopolitiko kufuneka lisebenzise umthetho wenkululeko, lenze uRhulumente akhusele inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kuba oko kusekwe kuyo.
Iziphumo zokungenelela okuncinci koRhulumente kwimicimbi yezentlalo nezoqoqosho yabantu. I-Rawke kunye neMontesquieu zikaLocke zazingabameli ababalaseleyo.
Inkululeko
Le yangoku ineembono ezigabadeleyo kwaye iveza ukuba umntu ngamnye unelungelo kuye, ngenxa yoko akufuneki kubekho uRhulumente okanye kufuneka asuswe. UNozick ngomnye woovulindlela abonisiweyo.
Eminye imisinga efanelekileyo yefilosofi
Phakathi kwabo abaphengululi babonakala; UPlato owayengabalandeli bakaPlato; isikolo esizimeleyo esingabaxhasi baka-Aristotle kunye nabafundi bakaEpicurus abaziwa phantsi kweEpicureanism.
Isikolo saseMileto, esasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. C., amalungu ayo ayiziNdaba, iAnaximander kunye neAnaximenes. Isikolo esi-Eleatic esasisisikolo sangaphambi kweSokrasi esibaluleke kakhulu kwi-XNUMXth nakwi-XNUMXth century BC. Amalungu ayo abaluleke kakhulu yayinguParmenides ka-Elea noZenón de Elea.
I-Pythagoreans, esekwe kwinto yokuba zonke izinto zingamanani. Ezinye ezingabalulekanga kangako zezi mega isikolo, owasekwa nguEuclides kwidolophu yakhe iMegara; isikolo saseCyrenaica, esasekwa ngu-Aristipo de Cirene kwaye sigxile kwimicimbi yokuziphatha, kunye nesikolo se-Neoplatonic, esenziwe ngu-Ammonio Saccas. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uSanta Augustine waseHippo wabhala iingcamango ze-Neoplatonic kwiingcamango zobuKristu.
I-Neoplatonism, ubuntu, i-postmodernism kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kubhalisiwe ngoku.