Ukuba sijonga ngapha nangapha, siyaqonda, ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu ukuba yonke into iyatshintsha, akukho nto kwindalo okanye kwinkcubeko emileyo, kukho utshintsho olwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe kunabanye, kodwa yonke into, yonke into, ihlala iguquka.
Kule nyaniso iintlobo zebhayoloji azibaleki, kuthi thina, ukuqonda kwethu, kuba yindlela esiye sababona ngayo, leyo yindlela esibazi ngayo kwaye sinokuhlala sinjalo ngexesha lobomi bethu, kodwa abo bazinikelayo ekuzifundeni nzulu kunye neendlela zenzululwazi , yazi ukuba uhlobo ngalunye lwezinto eziphilayo esizaziyo nezingqonge thina, sisiphumo soluhlu lotshintsho kwaye luya kuqhubeka kunjalo, okoko nje kusekho ubomi emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuba ubomi yinto eqhubekayo yendalo.
Ngoku, ukusukela kumaxesha okuqala oluntu bekukho intelekelelo malunga nezinto ezininzi eziphilayo ezikhoyo emhlabeni kwaye kungabuzwa ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezinoxanduva lokwahluka kweefom kunye nemisebenzi efunyanwa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo? Okanye bangena njani abantu kweli nqanaba lizukileyo lobomi?
Makhe sijonge kwimbali kancinci
Uninzi lweengcamango zokuqala malunga nemvelaphi yobomi zinxulumene nomlingo okanye inkolo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba izinto eziphilayo zenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo. Ithiyori ezizenzekelayo ezinjalo zaqala ngexesha lezithandi zobulumko zamaGrike uAnaximander noAristotle. Kwabaninzi kwabonakala ngathi kuyacaca, umzekelo ukuba imibungu yeempukane yavela ngokuzenzekelayo kwinyama ebolileyo. Ngomnyaka we-1861 isazi semichiza saseFransi nesazi ngeentsholongwane Ngokuqinisekileyo uLouis Pasteur wayiphuhlisa ithiyori yesizukulwana esivelayo.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, inkolo ibinefuthe lokumisela ukujonga imeko yoluntu: amakholwa athathela ingqalelo indalo njengezinto zoThixo wabo okanye oothixo. Imibutho yaseJudiya-yobuKrestu, umzekelo, yamkele ubunyani bokwenyani bendalo, njengoko kubhaliwe kwiGenesis yeTestamente eNdala. Le nkolelo yaziwa ngokuba yindalo, ibamba ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo zadalwa nguThixo, zikwimo yazo yangoku, kwaye lonto ayinakutshintsha. Kude kube phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uninzi lwenzululwazi luyivumile le ndlela, kwaye namhlanje uninzi lwamaKristu lusabambelele kwinyani yokoqobo yemfuzo. Nangona kunjalo, uluvo lwezenzululwazi luye lwatshintsha xa kuthelekiswa nezinto abazifumanisileyo ezenziwe ziingcali zendalo kunye neejoloji ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX.
Ngama-1730s isazi sendalo saseSweden uCarolus Linnaeus (Carlvon Linné) waseSpain uLinnaeus, wayesele ewenzile umsebenzi wakhe wokuchonga ukufana phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuzi-odola ngokwamaqela.
(Taxonomy) oku kukhokelele ekujongeni ngokusondeleyo ukufana okukhoyo phakathi kweentlobo ezithile. Izifundo ze-anatomical ziqale ukutyhila indlela izinto ezahluke ngayo ekuboneni okokuqala ezinokwabelana ngeempawu ezithile zolwakhiwo, zonyusa intelekelelo malunga nolwalamano oluthile okanye ubudlelwane bemvelaphi phakathi kwabo.
Ubungakanani benyawo
Izazi ngokuma komhlaba zafumanisa ukuba amatye aqulathe izaleko ezahlukeneyo (strata), ezenziwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Olu luhlu lwamatye lwaludala kudala ngaphambi kwawo nawuphi na umhla obekwe yicawe wokudalwa kwehlabathi.
Eminye imiqolo iqulethwe Iintsalela zamathambo ezilwanyana nezityalo Owayephila ngelixesha kwakusenzeka iliwa: uninzi lwezi fosili lwalungezinto ezingaziwayo kwihlabathi langoku. Kwiifosili zoluhlu olulandelelanayo, ukufana kobume kunokwahlulahlula okwakumele izinto eziphilayo ezaziphila kumaxesha alandelayo edlulileyo. Amadala amatye afunyenwe kuwo, ngokulula kwaye nangakumbi ziifom zobomi.
Konke oku kwacebisa ukuba izinto zanamhlanje zivela kubomi bamandulo, obuthe batshintsha kancinci kancinci, oko kukuthi, indaleko yendalo.
Iithiyori zendaleko
Ekuqaleni kwakungekho lula kangako ukuba umhlaba wamkele ubungqina bokuba izinto zazivelela, nangona wawubambekile. Kangangexesha elide, icawe, ngaphandle kweengxoxo okanye ubungqina obubambekayo bokuphika, ubunyani berekhodi yefosili, kwaye yaphakamisa ukuba uThixo wabeka iifosili ematyeni ngexesha lokudala ukuze kuvavanye ukholo lwamakholwa.
U-Erasmus DarwinUgqirha wase-Bhritane, isithandi sobulumko kunye nembongi, wayengumbhali wethiyori yokuqala yendaleko. U-Erasmus Darwin Ucebise ukuba ubomi buvele kumthombo omnye, kwaye wachaza ukubaluleka komzabalazo wobomi kunye nokukhethwa ngokwesondo njengesixhobo sokutshintsha kwezinto. Uninzi lweengcamango zakhe zachaphazela umzukulwana wakhe, isazi sendalo UCharles Darwin, abo ithiyori yabo yendaleko inegalelo elingapheliyo kwibhayoloji. Nangona kunjalo, umbhali wenyani yokuqala yokwenyani yendalo ngu-Jean- UBhaptizi de Lamarck.
UJean- Baptiste de Lamarck
UJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, uKnight waseLamarck, wayengumntu ohlonitshwayo kodwa onempikiswano. Wadunyiswa ngokunika igama kwisayensi ye "Biology" kwaye wayengumbhali odumileyo wesifundo kwizityalo zaseFrance. Uye wabhala imiqulu esixhenxe epapashwe kwi-"invertebrate ", igama awalichazayo ukuchaza izilwanyana ngaphandle kwamathambo omqolo. Inzala yakhe yanwenwela nakwamanye amasimi, kubandakanya igeology kunye nofundo lwee-paleontology fossil, kwaye nangona wayekholelwa ekuqaleni ukuba iintlobo azitshintshanga ngeminyaka yoo-1790 waguqukela kwinkolelo kwindaleko yendalo.
U-Lamarck, waqiniseka ukuba izinto eziphilayo ziguquka ngokuya zintsokotha. Ubuye wagqiba kwelokuba iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezazingasekhoyo zazinganyamalalanga, kodwa zazivele zatshintshela kwiifom zangoku kwaye uguquko lwebhayiloji lwaluyinkqubo ethe chu. U-Lamarck wenze igalelo kwinkolelo yokuba izakhiwo Umzimba womelele kwaye uphuhle ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo okuphindiweyo, kwaye iinxalenye ezingasetyenziswanga kancinci zibuthathaka okanye zinciphile: intelekelelo yokusetyenziswa kunye nokungasetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo ndiyamkela ukuba aba bantu bafumanekayo ngexesha lobomi bezinto eziphilayo banokudluliselwa kwinzala yabo.
Umzekeliso odumileyo wale nto yintamo ende yendlulamthi. Ngokwentelekelelo yokusetyenziswa okanye ukungasetyenziswa, iinzame zeendlulamthi zokufikelela kumagqabi amasebe aphezulu zinokubangela ukolulwa kwentamo kwaye inzala yabo iya kudla ilifa lo mlingiswa ufumanekileyo kwaye ke, zineentamo ezinde kancinci. Ke ngoku ixesha kunye nezizukulwana ezininzi inani leendlulamthi ezinentamo ende ziya kuguquka.
U-Lamarck wapapasha ithiyori yakhe yendaleko kwiZoological Philosophy kwaye yagxekwa ngokubanzi. Igama lakhe lihlala linxibelelene ngendlela engafanelekanga kwisigqibo esichaziweyo selifa labalinganiswa abafunyenweyo, ekuthiwa lilamsi.
Nditsho noCharles Darwin waphakamisa indlela efanayo yelifa, eyayibiza ngokuba yi-pangenesis. Kuphela kukuphinda kufunyanwe, ngo-1900, ye Uvavanyo lukaMendel lokuba nguvulindlela iya kwenza umfanekiso ochanekileyo welifa ubonakale.
Okwangoku kuyaziwa ukuba iimpawu ezizuzwe njengelifa kubazali babo yinzala zifunyanwa ngexesha lokuchumisa, oko kukuthi, zidluliselwa ngohlobo lwemfuza, yi-DNA yesidoda kunye neqanda lezinto zooyise nezomama. kwaye oku akuchaphazelwa yindlela yobomi kamva yezi zinto ziphilayo. Nangona i-DNA inokutshintshwa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenguquko kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, ezinje ngemitha ye-ionizing, ayinakuguqulwa yindlela izinto eziphilayo eziziphatha ngayo.
UbuDarwin
Ngo-1858, isazi sendalo sase-Bhritane u-Alfred Russel Wallace wathumela u-Darwin umbhalo onesihloko sotyekelo lweentlobo zokuphambuka ngokungenammiselo kuhlobo lwantlandlolo, ngokusekwe kwizifundo zakhe zezilwanyana zeziqithi zaseMalay, i-Indonesia namhlanje. Esi sazinzulu siqwalasele ukuba ezi ntlobo zaseAsia. Babehambele phambili ngakumbi kwindaleko kunama-Australia kwaye wacebisa ukuba babenako savela emva kokuba amazwekazi amabini ahlukene.
UDarwin wamangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba uWallace wayefundelwa uluntu lwaseLinnaean eLondon, kodwa kwakungekho noDarwin noWallace kwaye umsitho wawungavusanga mdla ungako.
Ngo-Novemba u-1859 uDarwin wapapasha imvelaphi yeentlobo ngokukhetha kwendalo okanye ngokulondolozwa kweembaleki ezithandwayo kumzabalazo wobomi. Kule ncwadi uDarwin waqonda ukuba uWallace ufikelele kwizigqibo ngokufanayo nam malunga nemvelaphi yeentlobo.
Inkolelo kaDarwin yokukhetha indalo ishwankathelwe kula manqaku alandelayo:
- Ukwahluka kobume kungafunyanwa phakathi kwabantu bolunye uhlobo, ubungakanani, umbala, phakathi kwabanye, uninzi lweempawu zalo.
- Iintlobo ezivelisa inzala zinabantwana abaninzi ngakumbi kunokuba kufuneka ukugcina inani labantu kubemi.
- Ngokomndilili, nawuphi na umntu unethuba elincinci kuphela lokuphila de abe kwinqanaba lokuziphatha ngokwesondo.
- Lo amathuba okusinda Inokuba nkulu ukuba umntu uneempawu ezithile zobungakanani, ukumila, umbala, phakathi kweeyure ezenza ukuba alungele imeko yakhe. Kuyatshiwo ukuba unelungelo lokukhetha ngaphezu koontanga bakhe.
- Abantu abaxhotyiswe ngcono ukuba baphile kwimeko-bume yabo de kube kukhula kwabo ngokwesondo baya kuba nethuba elingcono lokuzala nokuzisa iimpawu ezintle kubantwana babo.
- Ngokuchaseneyo, abo bantu baneempawu zabo ezibenza ukuba bancitshiswe ukuba baphilele ekuvuthweni ngokwesondo, baya kuba nabantwana abambalwa kwaye kunqabile ukuba badlulise iimpawu zabo.
- Emva kwezizukulwana ezininzi inani lenzala eneempawu ezintle liyakwanda kwaye inani kunye nenani elinempawu ezingathandekiyo liza kuncipha.
Incwadi kaDarwin yabangela ihlazo, kwaye umbhali wayo wagxothwa njengenkcubeko. Esinye sezichaso ezingundoqo kwingcamango kaDarwin yayikukuba kwakubakho ukungabikho umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana "ezisezantsi", ngokukaDarwin abantu bavele nje bafana nezinye izilwanyana ezinje ngee-lemurs, iinkawu nezinye iinkawu. Ngelo xesha, ngelo xesha le ngcamango yayingqubana nemigaqo esisiseko yenkolo.
Nangona kunjalo, UDarwin wayexhaswe kakhulu liqela elibalulekileyo lezenzululwazi ngelo xesha. Izimvo zikaDarwin zoyisa kwaye ekugqibeleni zafezekiswa. Namhlanje umbono owamkelekileyo ngokubanzi wokuba indoda yanamhlanje (i-homo sapiens) yavela kwizinyanya ezinjengeenkawu.
Ukhetho lwendalo
Ubunzima ekufundeni ukhetho kunye nendalo yendalo kwezona ntlobo ziphilayo zixhomekeke kwimeko yenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zeempawu ezichaphazela amathuba okusinda zinokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza: ukuvela kwezinto akuthethi ukuba kuthatha amawaka eminyaka. Umzekelo, iintlobo ezisongelwa ngamarhamncwa zinokuvela ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhetha kwendalo, ukunciphisa isoyikiso sokubanjwa.
Ukhetho lwendalo lufundwa ngokulula kwizinto eziphilayo ezinexesha elifutshane lokuvelisa. Ibacteria, umzekelo, inokuba nexesha lokuvelisa elinemizuzu engama-20 kuphela, ukuze ukhetho lwendalo luvelise utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwezi ziphilayo ngexesha elifutshane.
Ithiyori yale mihla
Inguqulelo yanamhlanje yethiyori kaDarwin, Neo-Darwinism, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-synthesis yesimanje okanye ithiyori yokwenziwa, idibanisa ulwazi lwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwimfuzo nakwimihlaba enxulumene nezimvo zakuqala zikaDarwin. Uphando ziziphatha njani zofuzo kubemi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye izifundo ezikhoyo ngoku kwindaleko ziqinisekisile ukubaluleka kokhetho lwendalo. Kwi-paleontology, le ndlela yokwenza izinto inike ulwazi malunga nesingqi sokuvela kwendalo ngokwexesha lendalo.