Yenziwa kwiphondo laseGuerrero, ekumazantsi eMexico, inguquko ye-Ayutla yayiyintshukumo yokuphayona kwiziganeko ezininzi zembali kweli lizwe, enye yazo, ukwenziwa kohlaziyo lwenkululeko, olwalulinyathelo elichasene norhulumente. Umongameli wobomi bonke u-Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Ukuphathwa gadalala, imeko yosizi apho ilizwe lalifakwe khona, kunye nentengiso yenxalenye yeMesilla, ummandla osemantla wento ekuthiwa sisizwe saseMexico, yayiyintlantsi eyathi yaqala ukuqhambuka kwale mfazwe, eyayilandela ukususwa kobuzwilakhe owayegqalwa njengomngcatshi, kuba emva kokuba eyinxalenye yenkululeko. amandla, wayebafulathele abo babemxhasa, eguqukela kwinzuzo yamacandelo afumileyo anjengomkhosi nalawo abefundisi.
Ngenxa yale ntshukumo, iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zamiliselwa kumgaqo-siseko wase-Ayutla, apho inkqubo eyayilandela ukulingana kwezentlalo yasekwa.
Ukuqala: ukubhengezwa kwesicwangciso se-Ayuteca.
Ukuphuhliswa kwenguquko ye-Ayutla yabona ukuqala kwayo kukungoneliseki okubanzi, kukhuthazwa zizigqibo ezenziwe nguzwilakhe u-Antonio López de Santa Anna, owayephantsi kokhuseleko lwegama lakhe Ukuphakama kukaSerene, waphuhlisa urhulumente wokuphathwa gadalala kunye nomsindo, ethengisa indawo eyayimbeka njengomongameli. Uninzi lwezikhokelo ezichaze ukunyuka kwamandla eSanta Anna zamiselwa kwindawo eyaziwayo Isicwangciso seJaliscoUninzi lwazo lwaphulwa xa wazibeka kwisikhundla sokuba nguzwilakhe, kwaye phakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo, singathetha ngokunyanzelwa kwelungelo labemi kwinkululeko yokuthetha, ngokuthintela ukusetyenziswa komatshini wokushicilela. Akufuneki ukuthetha, oku kukhokelele kukungoneliseki okuthandwayo, kwaye impendulo yendalo yabacinezelweyo yayikukusasazwa kweencwadi ezifihlakeleyo nxamnye norhulumente, kunye nokuvela kwamaqela alwela inkululeko.
Urhwaphilizo kurhulumente, oluthi, ngeendleko zentlupheko nendlala yabemi, lwakhokelela ekucebiseni ngokungekho mthethweni Zombini zivela kuAntonio López de Santa Anna ngokwakhe, nakubantu ababesondele kuye. Oku kwaqala ukuvusa ukwaliwa kwabemi, kusebenze umnqweno onzulu wenguqu, kunye neentsika zento eza kuthi kamva iqhume njengoguquko lotshintsho lwaqala ukulungiswa, apho amacandelo athandwayo anje ngecawa, kunye namaqela athile emkhosini , Baza kuphulukana nezibonelelo kunye nonyango olukhethekileyo ababelunikwe ngurhulumente waseSanta Anna.
Enye into eyaveza ukungoneliseki yayikukuthengiswa kolwandiso olukhulu lwentsimi yaseMesilla, ukwenziwa kwayo kwakukhuthazwa kukoneliseka komdla wakho kunye neqela loluntu eliyixhasayo. Esi sigqibo sakhatywa ngamacandelo obuzwe, kuba sagweba abemi bommandla ekulahlekelweni sisazisi sabo, kufuneka bazithobe kulawulo lwesizwe esitsha.
Imanifesto ye Isicwangciso se-Ayutla, Apho uFlorencio Villareal, uJuan Álvarez kunye no-Ignacio Comonfort (abona baphambili bovukelo) babenenxaxheba kulwaziso lwayo, yabhengezwa ngoMatshi 1, 1854., ithathela ingqalelo njengendawo yokuqala yenguqulelo ye-Ayutla. Isicwangciso se-Ayutla luxwebhu apho izizathu zokungoneliseki zaye zavezwa, kunye nezenzo zaziswa ekuphenduleni, ezona ziphambili zazo ziboniswe ngezantsi:
- Ukususwa kuka-Serene Highness, u-Antonio López de Santa Anna, kunye nalawo magosa athe alandela indlela yakhe eyonakeleyo necinezelayo.
- Ukurhoxiswa kwale mithetho isongela impilo-ntle yabemi, phakathi kwabo: iraffle yeepaspoti kunye nerhafu yenzala, ebekwe ebantwini, phantsi kwegama lokuthimba.
- Unyulo lukaMongameli wethutyana, apho ilungu likarhulumente ngamnye liya kuthatha inxaxheba, oya kuba negunya lokuzimanya nokusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nokhuseleko nokuzimela kweSizwe.
- Kwacetyiswa ukuba inkosi ephambili, ngokubambisana neqela labantu abasi-7, babumbe urhulumente omtsha okhululekileyo, bemisela imithetho emitsha nemimiselo eyayiza kulawula lo mmandla, ihlala ihlonipha umthetho-siseko wokuba isizwe sisodwa, asihlukani kwaye Ezizimeleyo
- Ugxininiso lubekwa kwimfuno yokuba, emva kokusekwa kwayo, urhulumente omtsha kufuneka aqwalasele imiba yezoqoqosho, kuba urhulumente wayephakathi kobunzima obunzulu, obabuchaziwe ngemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Ingqwalaselo eyodwa yacelwa ukuba ihlawulwe kwimiba enxulumene norhwebo lwangaphandle nolwasekhaya.
- Kwaye kwafumaniseka ukuba unyango "lotshaba lwesizwe" luza kunikwa nabani na owaphula imigaqo esetyenziswe kolu xwebhu. Utshintsho lomkhosi luyabongozwa, lube ngumkhosi onceda ukukhusela iziqinisekiso kunye namalungelo oluntu.
Amanyathelo otshintsho lwe-Ayutla
Phambi kokuvela kwesiCwangciso se-Ayutla esele sikhankanyiwe, ukuphendula kwabantu kwangoko, kwaye ngamxhelo-mnye: inkxaso iyonke kunye namandla esindululo seenkululeko, ke ngoko, ngenkxalabo enkulu ngamandla ombutho, impendulo yorhulumente ogcinayo Ngokukhawuleza., kunye nezenzo zabo bafuna ukumisa isenzo sabavukeli ngokuthi:
- Ukunyuswa kwenqanaba lerhafu ukuze kunyuswe ingxowa mali yomlo (oku kude kubhengeza ukungoneliseki, kukhuthaze amacandelo ahlukeneyo ukuba ajoyine umzabalazo kaJuan Álvarez)
- Isigwebo sentambo kwabo bafunyanwa benekopi yesicwangciso sika-Ayutla, nakubantu ababephethe izixhobo.
Umboniso eFort San Diego: Ngamadoda angaphezu kwama-5000 emkhosini wakhe, uLópez de Santa Anna waya e-Acapulco, apho kwakukho abavukeli. UJuan Álvarez wayenomkhosi wamadoda angama-500 kuphela, nangona kunjalo, umkhosi wenkululeko wakwazi ukujongana nemfazwe, kwaye uMhlonishwa oPhakamileyo kwafuneka abuyele, kuba wabandezeleka, engabali amadoda awalahlekileyo ngenxa yezifo kunye nokushiya. Ukuziphindezela, kolu loyiso, amanyathelo anobundlobongela aqaliswa ngokuchasene neepropathi zabo babeyinxalenye yombutho, okanye abo bawuxhasa nangayiphi na indlela.
Inguquko ye-Ayutla yaqhubeka nesantya sayo esingathintelekiyo, ukoyikisa uloyiko kubalondoloziKe ngoko, umongameli ozibambeleyo ucele irhuluneli yasePuebla, ngeleta, ukuba igcine abemi bayo bengahlali bodwa kwabo baseGuerrero ngelixa uvukelo lusaqhubeka, ecela nokuba athabathe amanyathelo nxamnye nabo babekrokrela.
Kwenziwe iinzame ezinkulu kurhulumente ukugcina amazibuko esengozini evela kwinkululeko ekhuselweyo: I-La Paz, iAcapulco, iGuaymas neMazatlán, yayiziinjongo, nangona kunjalo, yonke into yayingenamsebenzi, kuba akukho nto yamisa ukuqhubela phambili kukaJuan Álvarez. Ukujonga oku, urhulumente uqalise isenzo sokuhlambalaza, ehambisa iindaba ezingeyonyani malunga nokoyiswa kwabavukeli kunye nokubuyiselwa kocwangco.
Inkxaso yovukeloUkuphendula ukungoneliseki okukhulu kwizenzo zikarhulumente oguqukayo, uguquko lukaJuan Álvarez lwaqala ukufumana abalandeli. Ngomhla weNtombi Enyulu yaseGuadalupe, ungquzulwano lwenzeka ePuebla apho iPuebla Lancers Regiment (neyayikhokelwa nguAntonio López de Santa Anna) yayingumntu ophambili. Urhulumente walibeka phantsi eli nyathelo lokuvukela, wayalela ukuba kubulawe abenzi bobubi. Kwakukho isibhengezo kwinduli yaseLoreto, apho amadoda ali-100 avela kwinkampani yomkhosi osebenzayo waseQuerétano, athetha esi sicwangciso.
Unyaka ka-1855: Ekuqaleni konyaka we-1855, iinzame zenkululeko zazifumene kwiRiphabliki, kwaye okwangoku, uluvo loluntu ePuebla lwalungavumi ngoSanta Anna, nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba labasemagunyeni, abasemagunyeni bahlala bengathathi cala, kodwa kuncinci Kancinci kancinci inguquko yahlasela zonke iindawo. Ngo-Agasti 15, 1855, iiLiberal zaziphumelele ukubambelela kukaPuebla kwisicwangciso se-Ayutla. UAntonio López de Santa Anna, woyiswa luqhushululu lwase-Ayutla, ulishiya ilizwe eloyisiwe waya eGranada eNtsha. Kusekwa urhulumente wotshintsho, apho uJuan Álvarez emiselwe njengomongameli.
Iziphumo
Ukuphumelela kwe-Ayutla Revolution kuzise uthotho lweziganeko ukuxhasa ukusekwa kwakhona kwemigaqo yokulingana kwezentlalo, ezi zinokushwankathelwa kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Ubongameli bukaJuan Álvarez: Njengokugxothwa kukarhulumente ozibambeleyo, inkokheli yenguqu uJuan Álvarez uphakama emandleni, owayeneenyanga ezimbini kuphela eofisini, nangona kunjalo, wasebenzisa amanyathelo anyanzelisayo ukulungiselela abahlali. Emva kokurhoxa emsebenzini, waphumelela liqabane lakhe, no-Ignacio Comonfort owayenenkululeko.
- Ukumiselwa kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo echasene nokungalingani: Ngo-1855, umthetho waseJurez wabhengezwa, nowamisa ukulingana phakathi kwabemi phambi komthetho, uxinzelela iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zabefundisi nezomkhosi. Omnye umthetho obalulekileyo yayingumthetho we-lerdo, onyanzelisa uluntu kunye necawa ukuba bathengise iipropathi ababengahlali kuzo kubantu abababolekise kubo, ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngcono kobutyebi.
- Xolela abathinjwa: Emva kokoyiswa kukaSanta Anna, urhulumente omtsha wavula ukubuya kwabagxothi kunye nentshutshiso yezopolitiko.
- Ukuqhekeka necawa: Abefundisi bacaphukile kuba umdla wabo uchaphazelekayo ubonakalisa ukungavumelani nohlaziyo. Impahla yecawa idluliselwe kulawulo lukarhulumente, ii-convents zavalwa kwaye igunya labo kwirejista yeenkqubo zoluntu zachithwa: imitshato, ukuzalwa, ukufa.
Abona baphambili be-Ayutla Revolution
Aba balandelayo ngabona bantu babenempembelelo kule ntshukumo yenkululeko:
- UAntonio López de Santa Anna: Uzwilakhe, oza kumandla emva kwesivumelwano phakathi kwabalondolozi nabakhululekileyo, abathi xa bejamelene nengxaki yezoqoqosho eyayikhathaza iMexico, wavuma ukujoyina imikhosi. Ukuma kwezopolitiko kwalo mlinganiswa kwachazwa njengokungaqondakaliyo, kuba ukutyhubela imbali wayesebenza kumaqela ezikhundla ezichaseneyo.
- UJuan Alvarez: Umkhosi waseMexico, owayenenxaxheba ebonakalayo kwiimpikiswano ezininzi zaseMexico. Umxhasi ophambili wokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso sohlengahlengiso kunye nenkokeli ye-Ayutla Revolution, wakhokela uhlaselo ngabavukeli kwaye wenza izicwangciso ezakhokelela ekubhukuqweni kukaMongameli Santa Anna.
- UFlorencio Villareal: Umkhosi waseMexico onemvelaphi yaseCuba, owayesebenza kunye nabavukeli ekumiseleni iinguqu.
- Intuthuzelo kaIgnacio: UMexico ophumelele uJuan Álvarez kubongameli. Wenza uhlengahlengiso olubalulekileyo kwisilogeni senkululeko. Urhulumente wakhe wayeqhelene nokudibana ngokukhululekileyo neCawe yamaKhatholika, ethi ngoorhulumente abalondolozayo bafumane izikhundla zegunya, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko.