Esi sixeko saseMesoamerican sobungangamsha nesimangalisayo sexesha langaphambi kweSpanishi, ngenxa yokuba iziganeko zenzekile kuyo ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla akukabikho nofifi lwazo okanye indlela ezenzeke ngayo ezaziwayo.
Nangona imvelaphi yayo ingaziwa kwaye izizathu zokulahlwa kwayo, kukho idatha kunye neempawu zenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacán njengabemi bayo, urhwebo olwalusenziwa kuyo, olwalubaluleke kakhulu ngelo xesha, kuba kuqikelelwa ukuba Ixesha lomzi kunye nenkcubeko yawo wawuphakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX AD
Fumanisa malunga nenkcubeko yeTeotihuacán
NgesiSpanish kuthetha indawo apho oothixo beza okanye bevela khona okanye ikhaya lesithixo esasifunyanwa luluntu lwaseMexico, esasisele singamabhodlo ngelo xesha, ngenxa yoku igama laso lesixeko alaziwa. zinikezwe ngabemi, abo ubuhlanga babo abuchongwanga nabo.
Nangona iyinkcubeko engaqondakaliyo ngenxa yokuba kungekho nto ingako eyaziwayo ngayo, ezinye iinkcukacha ziye zaqokelelwa ezothusa kwaye zinomdla, ezinje ngezakhiwo ezikhoyo kumabhodlo esixeko, ulwazi luza kutyhilwa apha ngezantsi. imbeko Iimpawu zenkcubeko enomdla kakhulu eTeotihuacán.
Idatha kunye neempawu zenkcubeko yeTeotihuacán
Iziqalo zesixeko
Kuqikelelwa ukuba isixeko sasinaso ukuqala kwixesha eliphambi kukaKristu, Ukuchaneka kwiminyaka eyi-100 ngaphambili, ngelo xesha isixeko saseCuicuilco sasisokola ngenxa yemfuduko apho abemi kwakufuneka bafuduke, bafike kwisixeko saseTeotihuacán, ke ngoko kuyaziwa ukuba uninzi lwabemi yayingabafuduki abaneentlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Ukusukela ngalo mzuzu ukuya phambili, iziseko zedolophu zaqala ukucwangciswa, ezinje ngenkcubeko kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo njengeepiramidi kunye nemida yayo.
Njengoko isixeko sasiqhubela phambili ngamanqanaba, inani labantu kunye nemida yesixeko ikhula, ifikelela kubemi abangama-45.000 kunye neekhilomitha ezili-22 zesikwere ububanzi.
Imvelaphi yegama "Inkcubeko yaseTeotihuacán"
Igama elinikwe ziiNahuatlacas ngesi sizathu silulwimi lwesiNahuatl, kuba impucuko yantlandlolo yeso sixeko yayingekabikho ngeloxesha, bayibhaptiza njenge "khaya loothixo" apho i-Mexica yaqhubekeka nokuyisebenzisa. yahlanganiswa kwimbali yophuhliso lwentlalo. Abantu baseMexico babekholelwa ukuba uTula uvela kule nto, ngoko ke uluntu lwaluyiToltec.
Amanyathelo okuqala enkcubeko iTeotihuacán
Ngaphandle kokufumana ulwazi oluncinci malunga nokuqala kwale mpucuko, kuyaziwa ukuba basebenzise isigaba seCuanalán apho iilali ezininzi zazifudukela esixekweni malunga ne-500 kunye ne-100 BC. La malungu matsha enkcubeko, ayezimele emilanjeni kwaye Iintlambo zemida yesixeko.
Inkulungwane kamva ulwakhiwo lwedolophu enkulu lwaluza kuqala, okanye isixeko esikhulu somsitho apho kwaqikelelwa ukuba abantu babenabantu abangama-5.000 XNUMX ngelo xesha.
IJografi yesixeko
Ukuba nesikhundla esingaqhelekanga ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwayo, esi sixeko sasikwintlambo egama layo laguqulwa lafana nesixeko, kuMlambo iSan Juan, kwiikhilomitha ezilishumi elinesihlanu ukusuka kwiLake Texcoco.
Okwangoku yaziwa njengelizwe laseMexico, intlambo iTeotihuacán ikwindawo ephezulu yeemitha ezingama-3200 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, kwaye amathafa ayo afikelela malunga nama-2240 XNUMX.
Ulwimi lweTeotihuacan kunye neqela lobuhlanga
Ulwazi oluncinci esinalo malunga noku luvela kwi-Anahuac, ngabo bashiye umkhondo wale mpucuko, nangona kunjalo kwingqokelela yeenkcukacha zembali ezenziwe emva kokoyiswa kwe-Mexico, khange ayikhankanye le mpucuko. Thetha ngeempawu ezikhankanywe yi-Anahuac.
Inkcubeko yamaNahua yayicinga ukuba abadali besixeko babakhelwe ziingxilimbela ezaziphila ngaphambi kwabo, kwaye iiphiramidi ezakhiweyo zazenzelwe ukuba zibe ngamangcwaba abo. Lo mdyarho wawubizwa ngokuba yiQuinametzim.
Uyilo lweTeotihuacan
Izakhiwo ezinje ngamabhotwe, iitempile kunye neephiramidi zezona zibalaseleyo kwezakha izakhiwo ezibonakalisa inkcubeko yeTeotihuacán, enokuthi ngoku ityelelwe ngaphandle kwengxaki, ukwazi ubungangamsha bale ndawo.
- Iphiramidi yeNyanga: Ubume beemitha ezingama-45 ukuphakama, buhlengahlengiswe ubuncinci amaxesha asixhenxe phakathi kwamanqanaba esixeko, ukuba mncinci kunephiramidi yelanga, kodwa ukulawula ukumisela ukuphakama okufanayo emehlweni, kuba yakhiwe kwindawo ephezulu.
- Iphiramidi yelanga: ukuphakama kweemitha ezingama-63 ngesiseko esimalunga ne-225 yeemitha zesikwere, ithathwa njengeyona iphiramidi yesibini ngobukhulu yexesha leMesoamerican, kwaye yeyona inkulu kule nkcubeko, enokubonwa ukusuka kwiikhilomitha ezininzi kude.
- Ibhotwe laseQuetzalpapálotl: ukuba luphawu kakhulu kule nkcubeko, inesakhiwo esenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo ngezinto ezizezona zintle, ezazineebhabhathane ezikroliweyo kubume bayo bonke, yayiyibhotwe lababingeleli kwinkcubeko, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba kuphela ziincutshe ezihlala apho teotihuacana .
Ukuchuma kwenkcubeko yeTeotihuacan
Isixeko sikwazile ukudibanisa amandla aso wengingqi kwisigaba seTlamimilolpa, esenzeka malunga ne-250 BC, esasazeka kuyo yonke indawo yaseMesoamerican. Ngeli xesha uphuhliso loyilo lwakhokelela ekwandisweni kwePiramidi yeNyanga eyayinxulunyaniswa nokungcwatywa kwabantu.
Ikwazile ukuba ziikhilomitha ezingama-20 ububanzi, izakhiwo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu kuzo zonke iintlobo, kunye nezindlu ezihlala zikhula.
Ubudlelwane kwezorhwebo benkcubeko yeTeotihuacan baziwa kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, nto leyo eyenze yanikwa ingqiqo enkulu kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo, ezaye zaphuhliswa malunga nexesha leTlamimilolpa, apho kwaveliswa zaza zaveliswa iintlobo ezizodwa zeeseramiki ngelo xesha. izitya zeorenji ezibhityileyo.
Urbanism
Oku kusekwe kulwakhiwo lwee-asi ezizimeleyo apho empuma yayiyinxalenye yomlambo iSan Juan kwaye emazantsi eyinxalenye yeCalzada de los Muertos. Phakathi kwabo kwabekwa igridi eyayimiselwe ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo.
Iziseko zokwakhiwa kwesixeko zihambelana nombono wendalo yonke eyayinayo impucuko, eyayiyenye yeempawu eziphambili zenkcubeko yaseTeotihuacán, oku kunokuqwalaselwa ngokulandelelana ngendlela ezazinayo ngayo izakhiwo, ezathi zabonisa umbono obalulekileyo kwiinkwenkwezi.
Ukuhla kwenkcubeko yeTeotihuacán
Ngaphandle kokuba nabemi abangaphezu kwama-75.000, kwaye sesinye sezona zixeko zibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo kwithuba leMesoamerican, kwisigaba seMetepec, umsebenzi wokwakha wawukhubazeke ngokupheleleyo, owawubaluleke kakhulu kule nkcubeko.
Kucingelwa ukuba ukufuduka kwenkcubeko yaseCoyotlatelco kwixesha le-Oxtotipac, elibangele ukufuduka kwabemi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba uluntu lwaseTeotihuacan lushiye isixeko, lushiye inani labantu abangama-5000 kweyona ndawo inabantu abaninzi.
Kukwakholelwa ukuba kula maxesha kwavela uhlobo lwembalela oluvelise imisebenzi yezolimo embi, ke abahlali bagqiba kwelokuba bafuduke baye kufuna indawo engcono yokuhlala.
Kwenzeka ntoni emva kokuwa?
Mhlawumbi abemi besixeko iTeotihuacán bathathe isigqibo sokufuduka ngenxa yengcinezelo yezopolitiko eyayikho kule ndawo, nangona kungaziwa ncam ukuba yintoni unobangela, kuyaziwa ukuba abemi beli dolophu bachithachitheka phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zalapha, belahlekelwa bubuhlanga babo. isazisi.
Imbali yeTeotihuacán
Imbali yoku, ngaphandle kokungacaciswanga kakuhle, ezinye idatha ezinje ngokuba le nkcubeko yayiyeyona mbangi iphambili yeCuicuilco, eqala ixesha layo, njengoko kuqikelelwa kwiminyaka yokuqala eyi-1000 ngaphambi kukaKrestu.
Kanye njengokuba kusaziwa ukuba ixesha lokuphakama laliphakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya kweye-XNUMX, kwaye ukwehla kwayo kwakususela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya phambili, ekungasaziwa zinkcukacha zayo, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokufuduka kwabantu baseTeotihuacans.
Archaeology kwisixeko Teotihuacán
Oku kuye kwaba ngumdla omkhulu wezinto zakudala, kuba yinto ekujoliswe kuyo ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngenxa yeemfihlakalo ezifihlakeleyo kwimbali yaseMesoamerican yala maxesha.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isixeko sinokundwendwelwa ngabakhenkethi ngenxa yokucebisa kwamagumbi aso, ewe uhlala ehamba nesikhokelo sendawo, owaziyo eyona ndlela ikrelekrele nekhuselekileyo yokuphumeza ukhenketho oluhle ngaphandle kokuphosa inkcukacha zazo zonke iimpawu. yenkcubeko iTeotihuacán kunye neemfihlakalo zayo.
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