Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo: zithini iindawo zayo kunye nemisebenzi

Ingqondo yenziwe ngamalungu amaninzi kunye neendawo, kubandakanya inkqubo yovalo, echazwa njengezakhiwo kunye namalungu akhiwe ziithishu zemithambo-luvo kwaye injongo yazo ikukufumana nokwenza iinkqubo zemiqondiso efunyenwe ngamalungu ohlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukunika impendulo ethembekileyo kutshintsho olunokuthi lubekhona kwindawo abahlala kuyo. izilwanyana (abantu abaphakathi kweengxabano, i-arthropods, i-mollusks, i-flatworms kunye ne-cnidarians).

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo yenziwe inkqubo ye-nervous central kunye ne-peripheral nervous system; esithethe ngayo ngokubanzi kwinqaku elidlulileyo (unokufikelela kuyo ngokunqakraza apha). Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha siza kugxininisa ngakumbi kwipheripherali, apho siza kuthi sichaphazele izihloko ezinje ngemisebenzi yayo, iinxalenye kunye nemizobo.

Ithini inkqubo yovalo lwemida?

Ikwabizwa nesigama sayo SNP (isifinyezo segama elifanayo), ibhekisa kwimithambo-luvo kunye nee-neuron, ezizizakhiwo ezingaphandle kwengqondo kunye nengqondo. Inkqubo ye-nerve ephakathi (CNS); kodwa loo nto, ivumela unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-CNS kunye namalungu okanye amalungu omzimba. Ukongeza, ibonakaliswa (okanye yahlukile kwinkqubo ye-nervous system) ngokungabinakho ukuzikhusela kwiityhefu okanye kumonakalo obangelwe kukuhamba.

Ngamanye amagama, inkqubo yemithambo-luvo iphetheyo ukulungelelanisa nokulawula amalungu ifunyenwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Ngalo msebenzi usebenzisa i iiazon, ukuqhubeka kwe-neuron ejolise ekuthumeleni iimpembelelo zemithambo-luvo kwezinye iiseli.

Ngaphaya koko, kwi-PNS ukuhlaziywa kwezilonda kunokwenzeka kwaye ukuphuculwa kwee-axon kuphuculwe enkosi kwiiseli zeSchwann. Kungenxa yokuba ezi (zikwabizwa ngokuba ii-neurolemocytes), ziiseli ze-glial ezikhoyo kule nkqubo ukuze ii-neurons zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo.

Athini amalungu ayo?

I-SNP yenziwe nge inkqubo ye-somatic kunye ne-autonomic system; nangona le yokugqibela idla ngokudideka "njengesahlulo" sepheripherali, xa ngokwenyani iyinxalenye yayo.

Inkqubo ye-nervous system

Inkqubo ye-somatic nervous yahlulwe yaziintlobo ezimbini zemithambo-luvo, umnqonqo kunye ne-cranial. Nangona kumacala omabini umsebenzi wawo ukuhambisa okanye ukufumana ulwazi lweemvakaleloZombini zinomahluko wazo, ekufuneka sizinike iinkcukacha zokuqonda okuchanekileyo.

• Kwelinye icala, imithambo-luvo yomqolo izalisekisa lo msebenzi kwimiphetho kunye nesiqu, ukuthumela okanye ukufumana ulwazi oluvakalayo kusetyenziswa intambo yomqolo njengophakathi. Kwimeko "yokuthumela" ulwazi, injongo kukubonisa imeko kunye nokuma kwezihlunu, amalungu kunye neziphelo; Ngelixa "ifumana" imiyalelo yemoto ngentambo ekhethekileyo, oko kukuthi, enkosi kubo kunokwenzeka ukuba benze iintshukumo.
• Elinye icandelo yimithambo-luvo ye-cranial, elawula iindawo eziphezulu, okt intamo nentloko. Oku kuthumela ulwazi lweemvakalelo olufunyenwe ngala malungu kwinkqubo ye-nervous system; Ngelixa intamo nentloko zifumana imiyalelo yemoto nge-CNS.

Inkqubo ye-Autonomic nervous

Njengoko igama layo libonisa, linoxanduva lwemisebenzi esingayilawuliyo (ukuphefumla, ukwetyisa, phakathi kwabanye) kuba besebenza ngokuzimela enkosi kwii-odolo ezithunyelwe luvo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo, sifumana ulawulo lwentliziyo kunye nezihlunu ezigudileyo, viscera kunye namadlala; ezenziwa ngamasebe uvelwano kunye novelwano.

• El Inkqubo yeparasympathetic Kuxhomekeke ekulungiseleleni umzimba wethu kwiimeko ezithile, nokuba ulungiselela ukwetyisa ukutya okanye ngenxa yezisongelo zangaphandle, ezinjengokubaleka imeko (umzimba uphendula ngokuqinisekileyo kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubaleke ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuseta kwenkqubo).
• Uvelwano, kwelinye icala, lunenjongo yokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo komzimba; ezinje ngokubuyisela ukubetha kwentliziyo kwimeko yesiqhelo emva kokuyiguqula ngasiphi na isizathu.

Zithini iimithambo-luvo ze-PNS?

Imithambo-luvo yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo inokuhlulwa ibe ziindidi ezintathu: imithambo-luvo ye-cranial, imithambo-luvo yomlenze ongasentla kunye neethambo zamalungu ezisezantsi.

• Kukho imithambo-luvo elishumi elinambini ye-cranial, ethi ivele kwingqondo okanye kufutshane nesiqu sobuchopho, nangona iyahluka ngokwendlela yokusebenza ekufuneka izalisekisiwe kwaye zisasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, ezinje ngokakayi, ithambo, intamo kunye nesisu. Zezi luvo luvo Zahlulahlulwe zaba luvo i-olfactory, i-optic, i-oculomotor, i-trochlear, i-trigeminal, i-abducent, ubuso, i-auditory, i-glossopharyngeal, i-vagus, i-accessory kunye ne-hypoglossal.
• Imithambo-luvo yamalungu aphezulu nangasentla abhekisa kwimithambo-luvo ekwazi ukuhambisa iimvakalelo ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu, amanqanaba entlungu, isikhundla semiphetho, phakathi kwabanye. Kukho izibini ezingama-31 zazo kwaye zibekwe entanyeni, esifubeni, kumqolo osezantsi, kwi-sacrum nakwicoccyx.

Siyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luye lwaba kukuthanda kwakho kwaye kulula ukulufunda, kuba ezi zihloko ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba nzima xa ungenalo ulwazi lwangaphambili malunga nokwakheka nokusebenza kwezinto ezenza ingqondo okanye umzimba.