Zizinto ezenziwe ngumsebenzi wabantu, zihlala zixhathisa kwaye zisisigxina kunezendalo, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yokwenza kunye nokwenza iimveliso ezininzi.
Ezi zinto zithathe indawo yendalo enkulu, ezinje ngeebhegi zamaphepha, ezeplastikhi, ukusetyenziswa kwamalaphu endalo amalaphu enziwe kwakweli khomputha, kunye neebhotile ezilahlwayo ezibonwayo kwezona zikhongozeli zazisetyenziswa njengeglasi.
Ezi zenza kancinci ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sezinto ezinazo zonke izinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni, kwaye zitshiphu kunalezi zendalo, kwaye azithobi lula ngokuhamba kwexesha, nto leyo ebangele impikiswano phakathi kwabezendalo njengoko bekutshiwo kubangele iingxaki kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Ziziphi izinto zokwenziwa?
Ezi zinto zenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-chemical synthesis synthesis, efuna ukulinganisa iinkqubo ezithile zendalo, ukuphucula iimpawu zazo, ukudala izinto ezinobumba obungcono ngokubhekiselele ekuzinzileyo nasekuchaseni.
Ezi zinto zezendalo, kuba azifumaneki zinenkqubo zendalo emhlabeni, kude kube namhlanje inani lama-26 ala makhompawundi sele enamanani e-athomu ukusuka kuma-85 ukuya kwangama-118, kukwakho nezinto ezithile ezenziwe ngobunto bazo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwafunyanwa umthombo wendalo kwezi, njenge plutonium.
Iimpawu zezinto zokwenziwa
Izinto zokwenziwa, ngakumbi iiplastikhi, zenziwe nge-resin esisiseko, elilelona candelo liphambili kwezi, zithathwa kwioyile, kwaye zenziwe ngeemacromolecule, zona ezibandakanya umanyano lwamakhulu eemolekyuli, iinkqubo fumana ezi macromolecule zezi zilandelayo.
Isongezo
Yindlela yokuphendula ethi ifumaneke ngokukhupha ubushushu obuphezulu obunokuphembelela iipolomitha ezimbini nangaphezulu ngaxeshanye, ngale nkqubo irabha yokwenziwa inokufunyanwa.
Polymerization
Iqala ngokudibanisa i-catalyst kunye ne-reaction accelerator esetyenziswa rhoqo kakhulu, ibandakanya umanyano lweemolekyuli ezimbini ezifanayo nezomntu ngamnye ukufumana iimolekyuli ezinkulu.
Ubume obuninzi
Iimolekyuli ezimbini zifuna unxibelelwano phakathi kwazo, ukuvelisa ii-macromolecule, apho iimolekyuli zinkulu njengalezo zivela kwi-polymerization ezingafumanekiyo, kungenxa yokuba ziyila kunye, nto leyo ethi ilibazise inkqubo yonke.
Izinto eziphambili zokwenziwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo
Ukuba zizinto ezenziwe ngokucacileyo ngumntu, oku kuluncedo kakhulu ngokubhekisele kwezorhwebo, kuba eyona njongo iphambili kwezi kukudala iimveliso ezomeleleyo nezomeleleyo, ukwanelisa iimfuno zomthengi, kwaye phakathi kwezona zinto ziphambili kwimizi mveliso yokwenziwa ngoku Landelayo.
Plástico
Yinto enokubekwa kwaye ibumbeke kwimfuno yayo, ikwaswele indawo yokunyuka komphunga, kwaye yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini namhlanje, kwaye lelona candelo lezinto ezininzi zokwenziwa.
Uhlobo lokuqala lweplastiki olwalugcinwa embalini lwalungo-1860 xa indoda yayiququzelela ukhuphiswano lomntu oza kwenza into eza kuthatha indawo yeendlovu kwiibhola zeebhiliyoni, eyaphumelela kwaye yayiyimveliso ebaluleke kakhulu ngelo xesha.
Iplastiki inesakhiwo se-macromolecular, eziyimichiza yezinto ezaziwa ngokuba ziipolymer, ezifezekiswa ngenxa yopholima. Ezi zinempawu ezizodwa ezinje ngobunzima obukhaphukhaphu, ukuxhathisa ukuthotywa okuveliswe yimekobume kwaye nawuphi na umbala unokusetyenziswa.
Oku, kwaye, kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisana nako, ukumelana nokubola, ukungangeni manzi kunye nezinto ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela umbane, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi ezisetyenzisiweyo namhlanje.
Elastane
Intengiso eyaziwa njenge-lycra okanye i-spandex, yi-urethane copolymer eyenziwe ngama-95% iyonke yee-polyurethanes ezinamacandelo, isiseko sayo esiphambili yi-polybutenic ether, ngaloo ndlela kufunyanwa imixokelelwane yemolekyuli ebanzi, enokuthi yenze i-monofilaments okanye i-multifilaments
Lulaphu oluthandekayo ekuphathweni kwaye loluleka ngokulula, lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimidlalo yezemidlalo kuba iyaziqhela emzimbeni kwaye inika intuthuzelo egqithisileyo yokuyisebenzisa, isebenza njengesihlunu esiqhubekayo ngenxa yempawu yayo yokuba yi-monofilament okanye i-multifilament njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla. .
Zonke iintlobo zeempahla ziveliswa kunye nale nto, enje ngehempe zemidlalo, iileggings okanye i-lycra, iikawusi zemidlalo, iimpahla zangaphantsi, iisuti zokuhlamba okanye iisuti zokuhlamba, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Nylon
Elilungu leqela leepolyamides, xa i-diamine ifakelwe i-diacid, le polymer yenziwe, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Nylon ngophawu lwentengiso "iNylon" kwaye ikholelwa kwelokuba igama lanikwa ngabasebenzi beenkonzo zokuhambisa, abathi ifunyenwe Kwakunzima kakhulu ukubiza igama lantlandlolo, ke yabelwa oonobumba bokuqala bezixeko eziphambili abazithumeleyo, ezaziseNew York naseLondon, bethatha oonobumba NY ukusuka kowokuqala kunye LON ukusuka kowesibini.
Eli candelo lisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso ukwenza iimveliso ezinjengezikrufu, iinjini okanye iinxalenye zomatshini, inylon yokuloba, uziphu, phakathi kwabanye.
Ifayibha yekhabhoni
Ezi ziimakhishithi ezenziwe ekhaya zekhabhoni ezinemisonto ecolekileyo emalunga ne-5 ukuya kwi-10 yeemicrometer ezilingana nesishumi sezinto ezinokuba yimilimitha, inezinto ezininzi ezifanayo ngesinyithi ngokweempawu zayo zoomatshini, kwaye ibonisa ukumelana okungaphezulu ukuba oku xa kuchaphazela into ephosakeleyo.
Ekuqaleni yayiyinto ebiza kakhulu ebisetyenziselwa iinjongo zenzuzo yendawo, kodwa oku bekuhlisa iindleko, kwaye amanye amashishini aqala ukuwasebenzisa amandla ayo njengawentsimbi, kodwa ubunzima obukhaphukhaphu ngokukhangeleka iplastiki.
Kuqala baqala ngeendlela zothutho, iimoto ziye zaxhathisa ngokukhanya kwaye zikhaphukhaphu, ezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweinjini ezinamandla amancinci kwezinye zeenkampani, kwaza ke kwandisa umdla kurhwebo, njengoko Kule mihla ungabona ubukho bale nto iibhayisekile, iiwotshi, izipaji phakathi kwezinye ezininzi ezisetyenziselwa yonke imihla.
Iiplastiki zendalo
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-bioplastics, zizinto ezifanayo kakhulu ngeemolekyuli kwiipholima eziqhelekileyo, kodwa umahluko omkhulu kukuba ezi zenziwe ngezixhobo ezinokuphinda zenziwe, ezibanika umgangatho wokuba bakwazi ukuthoba indalo ngokwendalo.
Ezi ziqhotyoshelwe kwikamva, amathuba okuzisebenzisa nanjengoko iibhotile eziqulethe ulwelo olunokusetyenziswa zisafundwa ngoku, ke xa zilahliwe azinakungcolisa ifuthe elifanayo neeplastiki zokuqala.
Iiacrylics
Liliphepha leplastiki elifunyenwe ngokupolisha i-methyl methacrylate, le yeyona nto inganyangekiyo kwiiplastikhi ezibonakalayo, ngenxa yeso sizathu inexabiso elikhulu kurhwebo phakathi kwamashishini ahlukeneyo anjengemoto, ezonyango, izibane kunye nokuzonwabisa.
Yinto elula kakhulu ukuyilungisa ngokwamanxeba, anexabiso eliphantsi lemveliso elenza ukuba linomdla kakhulu kwimbono yecandelo lezemveliso, elibonwa rhoqo mihla le, nakwimihombiso yasekhaya, ngenxa yendlela elula yoku uyibumbe kwaye umelane nayo, kwezinye iimeko efana neglasi, kodwa ubuthathaka bokwaphuka.
Ayigugi ngemitha yelanga ye-UV, nangokuhamba kweenkqubo zokusingqongileyo kuyo, ubuncinci kude kube semva kweminyaka eli-10, inezinto ezikhuselayo zombane kunye nozinzo lwethempile, icace gca kuneglasi, ikhululekile ukuphatha xa uyicoca kwaye uyibumba.
Kevlar
Luhlobo lweplastikhi enganyangekiyo eneempawu zobunzima xa uyenza, yi-polyamide, oomatshini bayo bunzima, kodwa yakuba ifezekisiwe yaqala ukuthengiswa ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu okuxhathisa phantse kuyo nayiphi na into uhlaselo.
Ndiyabulela kule nto, kuye kwenzeka ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinganyangekiyo njengentsimbi, kodwa ubunzima obukhaphukhaphu, njengee-kayaks, iiglavu zokuzikhusela ekusikeni okanye kwizikrufu, iisuti zasemajukujukwini, iintambo ze-USB kwizixhobo eziphathwayo, iivesti zokuthintela iimbumbulu, iminqwazi yezithuthuthu kunye nefomula 1, imisonto yokuthunga, isetyenziswa kwezinye iimodeli zezihlangu zezemidlalo, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.
Ikwanazo neepropathi ezinje ngokuchasana okuphezulu nokusikeka, iipropathi zemichiza, ukuzinza kwe-thermal, ukuqhuba okuphantsi ngokubhekisele kumbane, kwaye inesakhiwo esiqinileyo nesomeleleyo.
Iipholima ezilumkileyo
Ngokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji, kuye kwafunwa ukuba ezi zinto zinempawu zendalo, ezinje ngokulungelelaniswa neemeko ezithile zemozulu, ukuqhubeka nokuzinza kwazo.
Iimpawu zale polima zikhokelele ekubeni ziqwalaselwe ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwezinye iimveliso ezinje ngeefestile ezifanelekileyo kunye neiglasi, izihlunu ezingezizo, ukulawulwa kwamayeza phakathi kwabanye abaninzi nangona ingekabikho eyomzimba, oku kunokujongwa kungekudala kwiimveliso zemihla ngemihla.
Impembelelo kwindalo esingqongileyo
Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo kudale ukonakala okukhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngenxa yokuthenga kakhulu ngokweemveliso eziqulathwe zizinto zeplastiki, ezenze inkunkuma enkulu engenazimpawu zokuthotywa ngenxa yokubala kwayo , ukuba akunjalo de kube malunga neminyaka engama-200.
Njengokuhlaselwa kwakhona, kuye kwaqala amaphulo okurisayikilisha, ukuze kuthi xa kufikwa ekulahlekeni imveliso eyenziweyo, iphinde iphinde isetyenziswe, ukuze iintsalela zoku zivumele ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezintsha, ibe ngumjikelo wokusetyenziswa.
Amathuba okudala iipolymers ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane ade afundwe, anjengee-bioplastics, ezenziwe ngezinto ze-organic ezenziwe ukuba ziphinde zisetyenziswe.