Uvavanyo lwe-IQ-ziziphi, ziyintoni kwaye zahlelwa njani?

Ubukrelekrele buchazwa njengobuchule abantu abanabo funda, uqonde, uqiqe, utolike; ebavumela ukuba benze umbono wokwenyani kunye nokuphuhlisa izakhono zokusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ezivelayo. Kwinqaku elilandelayo siza kuchaza indlela yokulinganisa obu bungakanani, kunye nokwahluka iintlobo zovavanyo lobukrelekrele ezikhoyo.

Yintoni uvavanyo lobukrelekrele?

G. Ukudika kubachaze ngokulula njengalo naluphi na uvavanyo olunokulinganiswa ngalo ubukrelekrele. Oku kungenxa yokuba ineenkcazo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwindawo yethiyori kunye nokusebenza. Iilwimi, ingqiqo-yemathematika, indawo, umculo, i-kinesthetic yomzimbal; kunye neendlela ezimbini zobukrelekrele bomntu (ukusebenzisana nabantul). Ezokuqala ezintathu zilinganiswa kuvavanyo lobukrelekrele.

Zithini iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele?

Bavumela ukumisela, okanye ukuseka amanqanaba aphezulu kunye asezantsi amandla okusebenza kwengqondo kubantu; ukulungiselela ukuphuhlisa izifundo kwicandelo lokuqonda kunye nobuntu babo. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu ekuchongeni ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kubantwana nakubantu abadala, kwaye emva koko ivumela ukufakwa kwabo kwiinkqubo ezizodwa ezihlengahlengiswe kubuchule babo, zona eziququzelela ukukhula kwabo.

Nangona kunjalo, i iimvavanyo zobuntlola Ngeemvavanyo abafuni kuphela ukuchonga ukulibaziseka okanye iimeko ezinzima zengqondo. Ziluncedo kakhulu ekuqondeni iingqondo ezinesiphiwo kwaye ngendlela efanayo ukuzibeka kumabala apho banokusebenza ngokwanelisayo; apho kukhuthazwa ukukhula kwabo kunye nemveliso.

Olunye usetyenziso lweemvavanyo zobukrelekrele zezi:

• Basebenzela ukunikezelwa kwengcebiso kwezemfundo kunye nokuvuselelwa.
• Kwindawo yemfundo, ezi mvavanyo zisetyenziselwa inkqubo yokukhetha nokubeka abafundi kumaziko athile, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwimfundo ephezulu.
• Kwindawo yabasebenzi, bayasetyenziselwa ukuxilongwa kokukhubazeka okunxulumene nomsebenzi, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yemfuno yeinshurensi.
• Kukhetho lwabasebenzi abalungele imisebenzi ethile kwishishini, kwimizi-mveliso okanye kwimibutho yaseburhulumenteni.
• Kwicandelo lesayensi yezengqondo, iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele zivumela isifo sengqondo kunye nesigulana sabantwana kwizimo ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi.
• Ukongeza, bavumela ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango olusetyenziswa kwizigulana ezinengxaki ethile.

Iindidi zovavanyo lobukrelekrele

Zonke ezi mvavanyo zinenjongo efanayo, leyo yimilinganiselo yobukrelekrele. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kubakho iyantlukwano phakathi kwenye kunye nenye ngokwendlela esetyenzisiweyo, kwaye yile nto ikhokelela kwimfuno yokuhlelwa kwabo. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokuhlela ezi mvavanyo ngokwenani labantu ekufakwa kubo isicelo. Ngale ndlela, sineentlobo ezimbini eziphambili zovavanyo lobukrelekrele: umntu ngamnye kunye neqela okanye iqelaokanye; apho kuvavanywa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ziingcali kwimbali. Inkcazo eneenkcukacha zazo inikwe apha ngezantsi.

Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye lobukrelekrele

Uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye lobuchwephesha ezo zijolise kuvavanyo ngokubanzi lwezakhono ezithile kumntu omnye ngexesha. Ukujonga oku, kunokuba ngathi kuvavanyo olusebenzayo lomntu lunokufezekiswa. Kungenxa yokuba umvavanyi uya kulungela ngakumbi ukujonga iindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ezinje uxinzelelo, ukuphazamiseka, ukukhathazeka, kunye nesicwangciso sokusombulula iingxaki, kwaye uya kuba nakho ukuthatha amanyathelo okuyivuselela ngempumelelo.

Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili zezi ntlobo zovavanyo lobuntlola zezi zilandelayo:

• Bajolise kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko befuna ukuvavanya amandla okuqonda ngokubanzi.
• Xa kuthelekiswa neemvavanyo ezihlangeneyo, abavavanyi banokuhlawula ngakumbi abavavanyi kuvavanyo lomntu ngamnye ukuze bafumane iziphumo ezinokuthenjwa.
• Zisetyenziswa kwiiklinikhi, ezibhedlele nakwiindawo apho kwenziwa isifo kuvavanyo lweklinikhi.

Ubukhulu becala, iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubuchule bengqondo ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo ziye zafunyanwa kwimisebenzi kaLee Terman noDavid Wechsler. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimvavanyo ezizodwa ezenzelwe uvavanyo lwengqondo lwabantwana nabantu abadala abaneengxaki zolwimi okanye zomzimba; oku kusekwe nakwimisebenzi yeTheman kunye neWechsler, kodwa zahlukile kwezokuqala.

Nangona kunjalo, i Inqanaba lobukrelekrele beStanford-Binet Yeyona kudala isebenza njengomgangatho wokulinganisa ubukrelekrele bomntu kubantwana. UTerman noWechsler basebenze amatyeli aliqela ukuphucula eli nqanaba. Iziphumo zokuguqulwa nganye zichazwe apha ngezantsi:

1. Isikali se-1916: Kwinqanaba apho iimvavanyo ezingaphantsi zilungelelaniswe ngokobudala bexesha labantu ababesetyenziselwe. Amandla omntwana avavanyiwe ukusuka kwiminyaka emibini ukuya ebudaleni. Ubudala bengqondo kunye ne-quotient yobukrelekrele iya kuxhomekeka kwizibhengezo ezidlulisiweyo kumanqanaba obudala ngokulandelelana.
2. Isikali se-1937: Kule meko, umvavanyi uphonononge iminyaka esisiseko yomntwana, emva koko ubuninzi bobudala kwaye ekugqibeleni wabala iminyaka yobudala bengqondo kunye nobuchule bokuqonda ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yesikali se-1916. Olu lushicilelo lwesibini lwesikali seStanford. -I-Binet, kwaye waba nokuphuculwa kwakhe imilinganiselo, kunye nomda osezantsi kunye nomda ophezulu ngaphezulu kunangaphambili.
3. Isikali se-1960: Njengakumahlelo angaphambili, yayifuna ukulinganisa ubukrelekrele bomntu ukusuka kwiminyaka ye-2 de bafikelele ebudaleni. Elinye i-subtest laziswa ukuba lisebenze njengekhrayitheriya xa elinye lisetyenziswe ngokungachanekanga, okanye lingasetyenziswanga.
4. Ushicilelo lwesine lwesikali seStandford Binet: Olu phuculo lwesikali lubandakanye iikhrayitheriya ezinzima ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwenzelwe ukufumanisa ukukhubazeka kokufunda, iimeko zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, okanye abantu abanesiphiwo. Ngaphambi kokuphunyezwa kwayo, Uvavanyo lweNdlela, ukumisela inqanaba apho ezinye iimvavanyo ziya kuqala khona. Ihlala malunga nemizuzu engama-75, kodwa oku kuya kwahluka ngokobudala bovavanyo.

1. Uvavanyo lweWechsler: Uvavanyo lweStanford-Binet lubandakanya iikhrayitheriya ezisebenza kubantu abadala, nangona kunjalo, bekuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lomntu ngamnye kubantu abadala. NguDavid Wechsler owongamele lo msebenzi, epapasha olokuqala lolu vavanyo ngo-1939. Nangona kunjalo, eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ichaziwe apha ngezantsi:

• Isikali se-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Inezinto ezintlanu ezenziweyo zokuhambisa kunye nokuthetha ngomlomo, ekufuneka imizuzu engama-75. Ezi zihloko zilandelayo ziyavavanywa apha: ulwazi, ukugqitywa kwemifanekiso, uku-odolwa kwemifanekiso, uyilo lwetyhubhu, izibalo, indibano yento, ukuqonda, iisimboli zamanani, kunye nokufana. Ukumiselwa kwayo kugubungela uluhlu lwabantu abaphakathi kweminyaka Iminyaka ye-16 kunye ne-74.
• I-WAIS III: Ulwazi, isigama kunye nokuqonda okusetyenzisiweyo kuthathelwa ingqalelo apha. Ukumiselwa kwayo kubandakanya abantu abadala phakathi Iminyaka ye-16 kunye ne-84 indala. Ubudlelwane phakathi kobukrelekrele bememori kunye nenkumbulo yomntu ngamnye kuvavanywa.
• Isikali se-Wechsler Intelligence Scale yaBantwana, uHlelo lwesiThathu: Olu luvavanyo olwenzelwe abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka Iminyaka ye-6 kunye ne-16 indala. Ibandakanya oku kulandelayo ngomlomo: ulwazi, ukufana, i-arithmetic, isigama, ukuqonda kunye nokuphela kwamanani. Kwakhona ukuvavanywa kokuphunyezwa: ukugqitywa kwemizobo kunye nemifanekiso, ukufaka iikhowudi, ukucwangciswa kwemizobo, uyilo lweetyhubhu, ukuhlangana kwezinto, ukukhangela iisimboli kunye ne-mazes, nangona ezi zimbini zokugqibela ziyahambelana.

Zininzi nezinye iintlobo zeemvavanyo zobukrelekrele ngaphandle kwezo ziphantsi kwesikali seStanford-Binet kunye novavanyo lweWechsler. Phakathi kwazo sinokukhankanya:

• Isikali sokwahlulahlula.
• Uvavanyo lweDetroit lweZakhono zokuFunda.
• Uvavanyo lwengqondo lukaKaufman.
• Uvavanyo lukaWoodcock-Johnson III lobuchule bokuqonda.
• Inkqubo yovavanyo lokuqonda kwengqondo ye-Das-Naglieri.
• Uvavanyo olungathethi ngomlomo lwabakhubazekileyo.

Uvavanyo oluhlanganisiweyo okanye lweqela lobukrelekrele

Ngokubanzi, iimvavanyo zobuntlanganisi ezihlangeneyo zigxila ekuqikeleleni okanye ekumiseleni ukusebenza kwezemfundo okanye kokusebenza kweqela elithile labantu. Phakathi kweempawu ezibalaseleyo zovavanyo lobukrelekrele oluhlangeneyo esinokuluchaza:

• Ngokuchasene noko kukholelwayo, iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele ezisetyenziswa kumaqela zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezinokuthenjwa ngakumbi kunaleyo ikwiimeko ezithile.
• Ngamanye amaxesha zitshiphu kuneemvavanyo ezizodwa.
• Isetyenziswa ekukhetheni kwicandelo lezemfundo nelabasebenzi.

Uvavanyo oluhlanganisiweyo lobukrelekrele lunokusetyenziswa kumaqela amakhulu abantu abadala, okanye kwinani elincinci labantwana abancinci, abaneminyaka yobudala iphakathi kweminyaka emi-5 nengama-6 ubudala. Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kokugqibela kuyafuneka ukuba kubekho abantu abaqinisekisa ukuba abavavanyi bayayiqonda ngokupheleleyo imiyalelo kunye namanyathelo ovavanyo, njengokuqala nokuphela ngexesha elibonisiweyo, umzekelo.

Uhlobo lwe Uvavanyo lokuqonda Ukudityaniswa kunokubandakanya iseti yemibuzo ekhethiweyo ekhethiweyo ehlelwe kwimodeli yebhasi yomoya, apho izinto ezinobunzima obulinganayo zidityaniswe kunye, kwaye ezo zobunzima obahlukeneyo ziyalelwa ngokulandelelana. Olunye uhlobo inokuba kukusebenza kweemvavanyo ezingaphantsi kumaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Olu vavanyo oluhlangeneyo luvela ekuthatheni inxaxheba komfundi owaziwa njengo-Arthur Otis kwikhosi ye Isikali seStandford-Bine sobukrelekreleeyalelwa nguLewis Ternan ngokwakhe. UOtis ucebise ukuba kwenziwe uhlengahlengiso kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kuvavanyo lweStandford-Binet ngepensile nephepha, ekuthe ngokuhamba kwexesha kongezwa eminye imisebenzi yombhali kwaye kwasekwa oko kwakubizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lweArmed Army. Olu lokugqibela yayiluvavanyo lweelwimi olungathethiyo olwalusenziwa ekukhetheni amajoni nakwizikhundla zawo.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iintlobo zeemvavanyo zobukrelekrele beqela, phakathi kwazo ezona zibalaseleyo zezi:

• Uvavanyo lwezakhono zokuqonda: Lupapasho lwesihlanu loVavanyo lweZakhono zeCognitive kwaye lufuna ukulinganisa amandla abantwana okusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo, ngomlomo, ngobungakanani kunye neempawu zomhlaba. Kwaye kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto ithatha imizuzu engama-30, kwaye inqanaba ngalinye lenziwe ngeBhetri yomlomo, iBhetri ye-Quantitative kunye ne-Non-Verbal Battery, yona yona eyahluliweyo.
• Uvavanyo luka-Otis-Lennon lwaMandla eSikolo: Isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuqiqa komfanekiso, ukuqiqa ngomfanekiso, ukuqonda ngomlomo, ukuqiqa ngomlomo, kunye nokuqiqa okuninzi kubantwana ukusuka kwisikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo ukuya kwinqanaba le-12. Oku kubandakanya imiba yokuvavanywa kweKhono lokuziPhatha kweNgqondo kwa-Otis, elaziwa sisifinyezo i-OLSAT; kunye novavanyo lwe-Otis olukhawulezayo lwaMandla oVavanyo lwengqondo kunye noVavanyo lwamandla e-Otis-Lennon.
• Uvavanyo lweWonderlic Staff: Luvavanyo olufutshane lobukrelekrele olunemibuzo esekwe kwinkcazo, ubudlelwane bemihlaba kunye nokuphunyezwa kokucinga okuvakalayo kunye nezibalo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-analogies. Isekwe kuvavanyo lokuZilawula luka-Otis lwaMandla eNqondo.

Njengoko ubona, ubungakanani bemilinganiselo yobukrelekrele bomntu bubanzi kakhulu, kwaye kuya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezinje ngenani labantu abaphantsi kwesifundo kunye nobudala babo. Ngokusekwe koku nakwezinye izinto ezichazwe kweli nqaku, kuya kukhethwa eyona ndlela ifanele umntu okanye iqela labantu.

Siyathemba ukuba esi sithuba malunga neemvavanyo zobuntlola siluncedo kakhulu. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomxholo wokucinga, ubukrelekrele kunye namandla ohlukeneyo okunika kwengqondo yomntu, siyakumema ukuba uphonononge amanye amanqaku akweli phepha.