Yintoni iseli yezilwanyana? Ulwakhiwo, iinxalenye nemisebenzi

Iiseli ziiyunithi zokwakheka komzimba nezomzimba ezifumaneka kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ezivumela ukusebenza kwazo kakuhle kunye nophuhliso. Ezi zahlulwe zaziindidi ezimbini, ii-prokaryotes kunye nee-eukaryotes, apho eyokuqala ikhona kwiiarches kunye neebhaktiriya; ngelixa lesibini kwizityalo, izilwanyana, iiprotheyinti kunye nefungi.

Phakathi kweeukaryote sifumana iseli yezilwanyana, echazwa njenge Oko kwenza izicwili ezikhoyo kwizilwanyana. Esiza kuthi siyikhankanye idatha enomdla njengokwakheka kwayo okanye iinxalenye, ukusebenza kwento nganye kunye nomehluko nezinye iiseli ze-eukaryotic.

Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kweeseli zezilwanyana ngokubanzi, ezi, njengezinye iiseli, zizalisekisa injongo yokunceda ekusebenzeni ngokuchanekileyo kweenkqubo eziyimfuneko kubukho bezilwanyana; umzekelo, bayangenelela ekudalweni kwamalaphu, bachonge iimvakalelo, phakathi kwabanye.

Yintoni isakhiwo okanye iinxalenye zeseli yesilwanyana?

Kukho izigidi zezigidi zezi seli kwizilwanyana nasebantwini, apho nganye inesakhiwo esiquka Imvulophu yeseli, icytoplasm kunye nenucleus yeseli. Kananjalo, ngaphakathi kubo kunokwenzeka ukuba kufumaneke iinxalenye zeseli kwaye ngalinye lizalisekisa umsebenzi othile.

Iseli okanye inwebu yeplasma

Ifunyenwe kwimvulophu yeseli, ichaza njengenxalenye engaphandle yeeseli, ezibadibanisayo kwaye, zona, zisebenza njengenkqubo yokhuseleko kunye nolawulo lwento enokuthi okanye ingaphumi kuzo.

ICytoplasm

Kwinxalenye yayo, iSytoplasm imi phakathi kwe- Iseli yeseli yezilwanyana kunye nenwebu ekhankanywe apha ngasentla; elinenani elikhulu lee-organelles ezihlangabezana neenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Iqulethwe ngamacandelo amabini, enye yangaphandle (kufuphi ne-membrane) kunye neyangaphakathi (kufuphi ne-nucleus) kwaye, nayo, iqulethe inethiwekhi yeembrane eziluncedo kwiinkqubo ze-biochemical ezenzeka kuyo.

Injongo yale nxalenye yeseli kukugcina indlu i-organelles kunye nokunceda kuphuhliso lwabo olufanelekileyo. Phakathi kwabo kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane i-reticle iiseli ze-endoplasmic ezigudileyo nezirhabaxa, ii-centrioles, ii-ribosomes, ii-lysosomes, i-mitochondria, kunye nezixhobo ze-golgi.

I-reticulum egudileyo kunye erhabaxa ye-endoplasmic.

I-endoplasmic reticulum ichazwa njenge iseti inwebu ezenza inkqubo edibeneyo, ebekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli yezilwanyana ngokwemisebenzi ekufuneka yenziwe. Oku kungohlulwa kubini, egudileyo kunye nebukhali okanye i-endocrine.

• Ukutyibilika kubhekisa kulowo unenjongo yokuhlanganisa uninzi lwee lipids ezifumaneka kwi-membrane yeseli kunye nezo zakha ezinye izakhiwo. Ukongeza, ikwayinxalenye yenkqubo yokukhupha okanye yokufunxa ityala njengoko kufuneka njalo.
• Ngokwalo icala, irhabaxa inoxanduva lokuvelisa iiproteni ezilungele ukuhanjiswa zisiwe kwezinye iindawo zeseli, apho ezinye zazo, ezinje ngezixhobo zeGolgi, ezinokuthi zisebenze njengeendlela zokuzithumela ngaphandle kweseli.

Kwiinkulungwane

Ngaphakathi kwe-cytoskeleton kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane i-centrioles, ezi-organelles ezenza umsebenzi wokuhambisa amasuntswana okanye ezinye i-organelles kwiseli, ungenelela kwinkqubo yokwahlulwa kweseli, zigcina ukumila kweseli kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi.

• Centrosome: Iicentrioles ziphethe ukujoyina ukwenza i "diplosomes" phakathi kwazo ezimbini, okuthi, xa zidibene nezinto ze-pericentriolar, zibe yi-centrosome, ejongene nokulungiselela ii-microtubules.
• IiRibosomes: IiRibosomes zikho kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli yezilwanyana, ezinje nge-endoplasmic reticulum okanye kwi-mitochondria. Oku kuzalisekisa umsebenzi wabaguquleli, ohlanganisa iiproteni ezivela kulwazi olufunyenwe kwi-RNA yomthunywa.

I-Lysosomes

Ezi zihlala zifumaneka kwiiseli ukuhlangabezana nenjongo yokujongana nezifo; Kuba iqulethe ii-enzymes ezenziwa ngokwetyisa emanzini, ezivumela ukuthotywa kweemolekyuli ezinzima. Ngapha koko, ikhoyo kuphela kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic.

Mitochondria

Ukujonga i-injini evumela ukuba iseli isebenze, kuba iguqula izakha mzimba zibe zizibaso zeeseli; eyenziwe nge-ATP, eyamandla e-adenosine triphosphate.

Izixhobo zeGolgi

Yile nkqubo yenwebu efunyenwe ngaphakathi kweseli ukuze isasaze kwaye iguqule iiproteni ezidityaniswe kwirisk okanye kwi-endocrine reticulum.

Iseli yeseli

I-organelle ibizwa ngokuba yi-cell nucleus ibekwe embindini weeseli zezilwanyana kwaye yenziwa ngenwebu yenyukliya, i-nucleoplasm, i-chromatin kunye ne-nucleolus.

• Inwebu okanye imvulophu yenyukliya: Inesakhiwo esikhusela okanye esikhupha umongo ukusuka kwamanye amalungu enza iseli yezilwanyana, eyahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: icandelo langaphakathi kunye nenxalenye yangaphandle. Umsebenzi wayo kukubonelela ngesithuba esifunekayo sokukhutshelwa kwe-DNA kwi-RNA kwaye, ukuvumela ulwazi oluvela kwi-RNA ukuba luguqulwe lube yiprotein.
• Inyukliya: Ikwabizwa ngokuba icariplasma okanye icytosol yenyukliyaYi "semi-liquid" efumaneka kwinxalenye yangaphakathi yeseli yeseli; apho i-chromatin kunye ne-nucleoli zifumaneka. Oku kwenzelwe ukuvumela ukusabela kweekhemikhali okwenzeka kwinucleus.
  • IChromatin: I-Chromatin ligama elinikwe kwinto leyo ibandakanya ezo zinto zenza i-genome, okt iipoteni, iDNA kunye neRNA yee-chromosomes ze-eukaryotic.
  • Inyukliya: I-nucleolus sisakhiwo esingenayo inwebu ejolise ekubhaleni i-RNA kunye nokwenziwa kweeribosomes; Ngenxa yoku, iinkqubo ezinje ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-ARENr okanye indibano yeeproteni ziyangenelela. Kwelinye icala, ikwazalisekisa imisebenzi efana nokulawula umjikelo weeseli, ukuqondisa iimpendulo zoxinzelelo kunye nokungenelela ekwaluphaleni kwabo

La ngamalungu eeseli ze-eukaryotic ezikhoyo kwizilwanyana kunye nemisebenzi yazo nganye; Siyathemba ukuba ulwazi bekulula ukuluqonda kwaye nayiphi na imibuzo, ibhokisi yezimvo iyafumaneka ukuze uyisebenzise. Siyakumema ukuba wabelane ngomxholo kwinethiwekhi yakho, mhlawumbi omnye wabahlobo bakho unokuba nomdla.