Amanyathelo enkqubo yenzululwazi: zithini, inkcazo kunye nendlela yokwenza ngazo

Ibizwa ngokuba "indlela yesayensi”Ukuseta amanyathelo okanye ubuchule obuqhutywayo ukufumana ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo malunga nezihloko ezinxulumene nayo nayiphi na inzululwazi; apho, ukuze kuthathelwe ingqalelo inzululwazi, uphando kufuneka lusekwe kumava, ukulinganiswa kwedatha, kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo ingcinga.

Amanyathelo okanye amanqanaba endlela yesayensi anokwahluka kwaye anokwahlulwa kuxhomekeke kuphando kunye nendawo yesayensi apho yenziwa khona (ezinye kulula kakhulu ukuziqinisekisa kunezinye). Ngeso sizathu, kunye nenyaniso yokufuna ukubonisa amanyathelo emawalandelwe kwabo banomdla wokwenza uphando lolu hlobo, silungiselele oku kungena.

Athini amanyathelo endlela yesayensi?

Amanqanaba okanye amanqanaba ale ndlela yile: imibuzo, ukuqaphela, ingxelo ye-hypothesis, ulingelo, uhlalutyo kunye nesiphelo. Zonke zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya isihloko, ukucebisa ngesisombululo, ukulingwa kunye nokwenza izigqibo; Ke ngoku siza kuqhubeka ngokweenkcukacha nganye yazo ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo.

Buza umbuzo ofanelekileyo

Ukuqala uphando usebenzisa indlela yesayensi, kufuneka ubuze umbuzo malunga nesihloko somdla. Ukuqonda ngokulula ngakumbi, siya kusebenzisa eminye imizekelo:

• Yeyiphi iglasi enamanzi amakhulu?
• Kutheni le nto iinkuni zidada emanzini?

Ukuqwalaselwa kunye nophando

Kuyimfuneko ukuma kwi qaphela kunye nophando oluvumela ukuqokelela idatha kangangoko ukuphendula umbuzo okanye imibuzo ephakanyisiweyo. Oku kufanele ukuba kube kukuqwalaselwa komgangatho kunye nophando, ke apha ngezantsi siza kuchaza ezinye zeendlela zokujonga.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwezesayensi kusebenza ukuze ukwazi ukucacisa ukuba kutheni okanye nawuphi na omnye umbuzo, ngoncedo lwedatha eqokelelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Oku kungohlulwa kubendidi ezintathu, ukujonga okungasekiyo, okuphakathi kwenkqubo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, kumanyathelo okusetyenziswa kwenkqubo kuhlala kusetyenziswa.

• Inkqubo engekho mthethweni ibhekisa kuleyo apho kuqatshelwa khona ngaphandle kokucwangciswa kwangaphambili okanye umbutho, oko kukuthi, sijonga kuphela ingxaki kwaye sizame ukuqokelela idatha enokuba nomdla kuthi.
• Inkqubo esecaleni ibonakaliswa yinto yokuba iinjongo zokuqwalaselwa kufuneka zilandelwe kuqala, ukuze kube lula kakhulu ukwazi ukuba yintoni efunwayo ngayo. Nangona ingxaki kukuba izinto eziza kujongwa azicwangciswanga.
• Okokugqibela, kukho ukujongwa okucwangcisiweyo, okuvumela, ngoncedo lwesicwangciso sangaphambili senjongo okanye imiba eza kuvavanywa, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ngendlela ethe ngqo. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukwahlulahlula zonke izinto zokujonga (isimilo okanye isimilo, iinyani, iminyhadala, iziganeko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwezinye).

Ingxelo ye-hypothesis

Eli lelinye lamanyathelo endlela yenzululwazi apho inkcazo (inokwenzeka okanye hayi) ifumanekayo ephendula umbuzo obuziweyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo idatha eqokelelwe ngokujonga okanye ngophando. Kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane ii-hypotheses ezininzi, kodwa akukho nanye kuzo enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njenge "yinyani" de ibe ibonakalisiwe ngovavanyo (inyathelo elilandelayo).

Xa sisenza i-hypothesis, sicebisa ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo:

• Chonga ingxaki.
• Chonga into oyaziyo (iziphumo) kunye nento ongayaziyo (unobangela).
• Fumana u "qashisela" ophendula into oyaziyo.
• Sebenzisa ubume "Ukuba u-X ngu-Y", apho u- "X" ungayazi kwaye u- "Y" yinto oyaziyo; ke "oonobangela" benzeka ngenxa yokucinga kwakho "kweziphumo."

Leyo yindlela elula nelula yokwenza i-hypothesis ngamanyathelo ambalwa, kodwa unokukhangela ezinye iindlela okanye ulwazi kumnatha (ungasishiya nezimvo).

Uvavanyo

Uvavanyo luyinxalenye ye- izigaba zendlela yesayensi kuba kuyo kunokwenzeka ukukhangela i-hypothesis ngokwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu oqhuba uphando kufuneka asebenzise izinto eziguquguqukayo ezibangela ukuba aqwalasele iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zenzeke kwizinto ezixhomekekileyo, ukuze alinganise iziphumo zazo.

Ukongeza, uvavanyo lukwajolise ekuyenzeni kwakhona le meko, apho iimeko eziyimfuneko kunye nezinto ezibandakanya into yokufunda kufuneka zifezekiswe.

Ukuba uvavanyo lunokunika ubunyani kwi-hypothesis, ke ezi zinokuchaneka ngokweemvavanyo ezenziweyo (ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba ngokwezinye iimvavanyo azilunganga); Ngelixa uvavanyo lungakwazi ukuvavanya i-hypothesis, ayinakuphinda izinze, okanye ubuncinci iya kubuzwa.

Uhlalutyo kunye nesiphelo

Kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo olwenziweyo, uthotho lweedatha bekufanele ukuba luqokelelwe ukuvumela olunye uhlalutyo. Kuzo zonke iinkcukacha ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, nokuba ezi zingazichaphazela na iziphumo njengoko besicinga ukuba ziyakwenzeka. Eyokugqibela ibhekisa kwinto yokuba ukuba isiqwenga solwazi asihambelani noko besikulindele, kufuneka siyifake kwaye siyicazulule ukuze sifumane iziphumo ezinokuthenjwa kuphando.

Okokugqibela, kufuneka kutolikwe idatha eqokelelweyo kunye nohlalutyo. ukuze ndikwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba i-hypothesis iyinyani okanye ayiyonyani. Apho kwimeko yokuqala, kuya kuboniswa ukuba ngokwenza ulingo i-hypothesis inokuqinisekiswa, engayenzi inyani konke konke; ngelixa ityala lesibini linokuphelisa uvavanyo okanye libe sisiqalo sokusekwa kwenye ingcinga.

La ngamanyathelo endlela yesayensi ekufuneka uyenzile ukwenza uphando; esinethemba lokuba wakwazi ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo. Amanye amanyathelo anokubandakanywa, kukupapashwa kweziphumo okanye ukwenza uphando esele lwenziwe yenye isazinzulu (ukukhangela ingcinga yakhe), kodwa bebeya kuba ngaphezulu kwamanyathelo acacileyo, ke akuyomfuneko ukunika iinkcukacha.