IFizikiki ichanekile, ithiyori kunye nenzululwazi yolingo efunda iipropathi zento, amandla, ixesha kunye nendawo kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwazo. Khangela ukuchaneka nokuchaneka kwizigqibo zabo kwaye ezi zinokuqinisekiswa ngovavanyo.
Icacisa izinto zendalo ngemithetho, kungabandakanywa ezo ziguqula ubume beemolekyuli zomzimba. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemathematics, ixhomekeke kuyo ukubonakalisa isifundo sokwenyani oko kuhlala kuwe. Kwelinye icala, kubandakanya ngaphakathi
Icandelo lakhe lokufunda kwi-chemistry, biology kunye ne-elektroniki, ukongeza ekuchazeni izinto zabo.
IFizikiki iphonononga imeko yomba isekele ithiyori yayo kubuchwephesha bamaklasikhi apho ifunda khona ngemithetho elawula intshukumo, kwii-classical electrodynamics zokufunda ngetyala le-electromagnetic, kwi-thermodynamics yokufunda ubushushu kunye neendlela zamandla., Kubuchwephesha be-quantum funda indalo ezikalini indawo encinci nakwiinkcukacha manani zokufunda amaza kunye namathuba okuvela kweziganeko ezibonakalayo.
Amasebe e-classical physics
IFizikiki, yokufunda ubunyani, yahlulwe yangamasebe amathathu amakhulu akuvumela ukuba ufunde izinto zendalo ezivela kwinto ethile yokwenyani, zezi:
- I-physics yesiqhelo
- I-physics yanamhlanje kunye
- I-physics yangoku.
Yintoni ethathwa njenge-classical physics?
I-Classical physics iquka izifundo kunye neethiyori ngaphambi kokuvela koomatshini abasebenza ngobuninzi. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiNewtonian physics ngenxa baxhomekeke kwimithetho kaNewton enxulumene nokuhamba kwezinto.
Izifundo zePhysical Classics ezinesantya esincinci kunesantya sokukhanya kwaye isikali sendawo sazo singaphantsi kobukhulu beeathom kunye neemolekyuli.
I-physics yesiqhelo inezi nkalo zilandelayo:
Oomatshini oBudala:
Inzululwazi efunda imithetho yokuhamba kukaNewton, ebhekisa kukuziphatha komzimba omncinci kakhulu ekuphumleni nakwizantya eziphantsi ngokunxulumene nesantya sokukhanya.
Zombini ii-classical mechanics kunye ne-classical physics ngokubanzi zisekwe kwimithetho ka-Newton, ngakumbi kwi ebhekisa ekuhambeni kwemizimba kwindalo iphela.
Thermodynamics:
Yinzululwazi enoxanduva lokuchaza imeko ye-thermodynamic equilibrium kwinqanaba le-macroscopic. I-Thermodynamics inoxanduva lokufunda unxibelelwano phakathi kobushushu kunye nezinye iindlela zamandla. Izinto azisebenzisayo ukuchaza iimeko ezahlukeneyo ngamaqondo obushushu, uxinzelelo, ivolumu, kunye nenani leemolesi.
Iyaqondwa ngu ulingano olushushu imeko apho amaqondo obushushu emizimba emibini alinganayo, kunye namaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kwaye xa amaqondo obushushu elingana, ukuhamba kobushushu kumisiwe, omabini la mabhunga afikelela kulungelelwaniso olushushu lwe-thermal.
Njengomzekelo sisebenzisa ithemometha, isixhobo esimisela ubushushu baso. Ke ukuze wazi iqondo lobushushu lomnye umzimba okanye into, zombini zibekwa kulungelelwaniso lobushushu. Ukwazi ukuba kwi-thermal equilibrium yomzimba kunye nethemometha zikubushushu obufanayo, iqondo lobushushu eliboniswe yi-thermometer nayo iya kuba bubushushu bomzimba xa kuthelekiswa.
Uphononongo lokuphendula kweenkqubo kutshintsho kwindalo yazo luncedo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo esayensi kunye nobunjineli ... Nazi ezinye zezicelo ze-thermodynamics:
Kwizinto zobunjineli babaleka ukutshintshwa kobushushu namandla kwizixhobo ekrwada zokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha. Njengomzekelo sinenkqubo yokutshisa ubushushu obuphezulu kwisiqwengana seceramic apho iipropathi zayo zokugqibela ziya kuxhomekeka ngokuchanekileyo kubushushu obabuphantsi kwabo.
Kwinqanaba lezemveliso sinenkqubo yokunyanzeliswa kunye nokwenziwa kweeshizi kunye nebhotolo ngokudlulisa ubushushu. Kwimveliso yentsimbi, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi zifunyanwa ngokuxuba izinto ezahlukeneyo kwizitovu ezinobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu.
Umbane wombane:
Izinto zombane kunye nemagnethi zifundwa kwaye zimanyaniswa kwithiyori enye ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnetism. UMichael Faraday noJames Clerk MaxwelWayengowokuqala ukubonakalisa isiseko sayo.
I-Electromagnetism isekwe kwimilinganiselo emine yokwahlulahlula kukaMaxwell, ezinxulumene nombane kunye nemagneti kwimithombo yazo.
Ithiyori ye-Electromagnetic ibandakanya okwangoku kombane, ukwahlula-hlula kombane, kunye ne-magnetic polarization. Iziganeko ezibonakalayo zeMacroscopic ezibandakanya ukuhlawulwa kombane ngokuphumla nakwintshukumo kunye nefuthe lamandla ombane kunye nawombane kulwelo, izinto eziqinileyo nezinegesi zizinto ezichazwa ngumbane.
Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwe-electromagnetism ibonakaliswa kwi iinjini zombane kunye neejenereyitha, izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngombane wombane okanye kungenjalo.
Ijenaretha, enye okanye idynamo ligama elinikwe kwisixhobo esiguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Imoto sisixhobo esiguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla oomatshini.
Njengomzekelo we-electromagnetism Ikhampasi sinayo. Ukuhamba kweenaliti kusekwe kwimigaqo yemagnethi yeepali zomhlaba nakwimigaqo yombane ngenxa yokunxibelelana kunye nokuxubana okuvelisayo.
Ilizwi:
Ukuveliswa kwemitha ye-electromagnetic radiation, iipropathi zayo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwayo nomcimbi, ngakumbi ukuphathwa kunye nokulawulwa kwayo, yinto eyiyo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ejongene nokufunda.
Ukukhanya kukukhanya kwamaza ombane anokubonwa liliso lomntu kwaye ngokuchanekileyo kukukhanya okujongene nokufundwa kwawo. Ijolise ekufumaneni nasekusebenziseni izinto ezintsha. Ngokusekwe kuyo, abaphandi basebenzisa kwaye baphuhlise imithombo yokukhanya kuyo yonke i-electromagnetic spectrum.
Ukukhanya kube nefuthe kwizixhobo, kunxibelelwano nakwimetroloji.
Acoustics:
I-Acoustics lisebe le-physics elijongana nokufunda amaza oomatshini asasazwa ngombandela nakweyiphi na imeko yayo (eqinileyo, engamanzi okanye igesi) ngeendlela zemvelo kunye nezibalo.
I-Acoustics ifunda ngayo yonke into malunga nemveliso, ukuhanjiswa, ukugcinwa, ukuqonda okanye ukuveliswa kwakhona kwesandi. Ubunjineli be-acoustic bujongana nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-acoustics.
Njengemizekelo ye-acoustic physics sinokuthi:
1. Izixhobo zombane ukwenza unxibelelwano lusebenze ngakumbi.
2. Kwicandelo lamayeza lisebenze ngempumelelo ekwenzeni imifanekiso
yomzimba womntu nge-ultrasound.
3. Iimakrofoni
Amandla olwelo:
I-Fluid mechanics licandelwana lesebe lokuqhubekeka koomatshini elijongana nokufundwa kokuhamba kolwelo (ulwelo kunye negesi) kunye namandla azibangelayo.
Kwikhemikhali, kwezobunjineli, kwezobunjineli kwezamashishini, kwiaeronautics, kwimozulu, ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa nakwilwandlekazi, ungenelelo lobuchwephesha bolwelo lubaluleke kakhulu.
Ifiziksi yanamhlanje
Eli sebe libizwa ngokuba yi-quantum physics, laqala ngo ebutsheni benkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ngesindululo se-physicist yaseJamani uMax Planck (1858-1947) apho wachaza khona ukuba kwimitha emnyama yomzimba ilinganiswa ngokukhanya. Isekwe kwithiyori ye-quantum eyavela ngo-1900 kunye ithiyori yobudlelwane ngo-1905.
U-Albert Einstein, ngo-1905 waqinisa i-quantum theory kwaye ngo-1920 yayibizwa ngokuba yi-quantum mechanics njengesebe le-physics. Ijongene neziganeko ezenzeka ngesantya esikufutshane nesokukhanya, okanye izikali zazo ezikulungelelwaniso lwee-athomu kunye neemolekyuli.
Funda iimpawu, isimilo kunye Imitha yelanga kwinqanaba le-athomu kunye ne-subatomic. Ubuninzi bobuchwephesha kunye nethiyori yoBudlelwane zenza into esiyibiza ngokuba yi-physics yanamhlanje.
I-physics yangoku
Isiqalo sayo sisekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, oko kukuthi, siphila kwixesha le-physics yeli xesha. I-physics ye-Contemporary ijongene nokufunda ubunzima bendalo, izinto ezenzeka kwinqanaba le-nanoscopic kunye neenkqubo ezingaphandle komlinganiso we-thermodynamic equilibrium. Yiyo ithiyori yesiphithiphithi kunye noxinzelelo.