IJografi ayisosihlalo nje osenokuba ububaleka kuso; ngaphezulu koko, ngokwasemzimbeni igama lalo ngokoqobo lithetha "inkcazo yomhlaba" kwaye yiyo kanye loo nto iyiyo, isayensi ejongene nokufunda zombini umhlaba, kunye nemimandla, imihlaba, iindawo, imimandla eyenzayo Ngokunxibelelana. ewe kunye namaqela ahlala kuyo.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba le ineenguqulelo zesiko kwimbali uphando lendawo ngokwendlela yokufunda, ezibandakanya ezine: uhlalutyo lomhlaba lwendalo kunye nolwabantu, izifundo zommandla (ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kummandla), isifundo sobudlelwane phakathi kwendoda nendalo esingqongileyo, kunye nophando lwezeNzululwazi zomhlaba.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ayizizo kuphela iindlela zokufunda ezitshintshileyo kodwa nento efundwayo, ekhangela iindawo ezininzi zolwazi ukuqonda isimilo, imvelaphi kunye nezinye izinto ezithile kuzo zonke izinto ezithi ijografi inoxanduva lokuqonda nakweyiphi na intsimi.
Oku kungasentla kukhokelela kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-'Jografi yale mihla ', yona ikwayinzululwazi efanayo okanye eyona nto ingentla, kodwa ngenjongo phonononga kwaye uhlalutye uthotho lweziganeko zendalo kunye nezabantu, zingagubungeli nje kuphela ukusukela kwindawo yezi zinto zingaqhelekanga zenzekileyo, kodwa ikwajonga kwaye ijonge ukuba injani, iinguqu eziye zenzeka ukuba zibe yile nto ziyiyo, phakathi kwezinye iindawo ezifanayo.
Injalo imeko, isifundo ngoku sahlulwe ngokwamacandelo ejografi, ikakhulu anejografi ebonakalayo kunye nejografi yabantu.
Fumanisa onke amasebe akhoyo ejografi
Ukusuka ngokwasemzimbeni
Kukukhethwa kwejografi oko ifunda umphezulu womhlaba ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo nengumhlaba ithathelwa ingqalelo iyonke kwaye ngokukodwa, indawo yendalo yejografi.
IJografi yePhysical ijolise ekufundeni nasekuqondeni iipateni zejografi kunye neenkqubo zendalo esingqongileyo, ishiya bucala - nangenxa yezizathu zendlela - imeko yenkcubeko elawula into eyaziwa ngokuba yiJografi yoLuntu.
Oku kungasentla ngamagama ambalwa kwaye ngokufutshane kuthetha ukuba, nangona ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi nkalo zimbini zeJografi zikhona, kwaye kufanelekile, xa kufundwa elinye lala macandelo mabini, kubalulekile ukwahlula enye indlela, kunye Injongo yokuvumela indlela kunye nemixholo yayo ukuba ihlahlelwe nzulu.
Ngokwesazi sejografi uArthur Newell Strahler (owayephethe ingcinga yesebe elinje) ligxile kwiinkqubo ezinefuthe lokuhamba kwamandla amakhulu; Kukuphuma kwemitha yelanga eyalela amaqondo obushushu ngaphezulu kunye nokuhamba kweencindi kwaye okwesibini, ukuhamba kobushushu obuvela embindini woMhlaba, ovela kwimathiriyeli yamanqanaba aphezulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oku kuhamba kunempembelelo kwaye kusebenza kumhlaba womhlaba, oko kukuthi, kweyiphi inkalo yesifundo sejografi ebonakalayo.
Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokufanelekileyo, abanye abasemagunyeni abanolwazi banoluvo lwabo lokuba yeyiphi na ijiyografi. Phakathi kwezona zinto ziphambili, izichazi magama okanye izikhokelo zokufunda zibonakala:
- Lowo uneRiodero Dictionary yeJografi, ethintelwe ekudweliseni izihloko ezibandakanyiweyo kwicandelo lejografi ebonakalayo, enje ngemozulu, i-geomorphology, i-oceanography kunye ne-Continental hydrography, kubandakanya ne-glaciology.
- Isichazi magama seJografi Ugxininisa ukuba iJografi ebonakalayo ijongana nezinto zomhlaba, oko kukuthi, i-lithosphere, umoya, i-hydrosphere, i-biosphere Kananjalo nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo, ukuhanjiswa kwabo kumphezulu woMhlaba kunye notshintsho ekuhambeni kwexesha ziimveliso zezizathu zendalo okanye ifuthe lomntu. Ithi amasebe ejografi ebonakalayo yi-geomorphology, oceanography, climatology, terrestrial hydrology, glaciology, biogeography, paleogeography, edafogeography, geocriology and the Study of the landscape. Ukwenza inqaku kwelinye icala ukuba i-oceanography iqhubele phambili njengoqeqesho oluzimeleyo, ngokwamkelwa kwababhali.
- Isichazi-magama seFJ Monkhouse seMiqathango yeJografiIJografi yePhysical ibhekisa kwinzululwazi esekwe kwezo nkalo zejografi ezinxulumene nobume kunye nokukhululeka komphezulu womhlaba, ukumiliselwa, ukwanda kunye nohlobo lweelwandle neelwandle, umoya osingqongileyo kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo Umaleko womhlaba kunye nezityalo "zendalo" eziwugubungelayo, oko kukuthi, imeko-bume yomhlaba wommandla.
Malunga nokuma kwabantu
Oku kubandakanya ukwahlulwa kwemicimbi ngoluhlobo kwaye lelinye lamasebe ejografi ahlukanisiweyo kwaye anoxanduva (umbono ngokubanzi) funda uluntu kwimimandla yendawo, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwala maqela kunye nendawo abahlala kuyo, imimandla yenkcubeko kunye nemimandla yoluntu eyenziweyo njengoko kudlula.
Phakathi koku kufikelela kwisigqibo esifutshane kungena kweso sifundo esivumela ukubhaliswa kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwemisebenzi yabantu evela emajukujukwini, indalo yoluntu kunye nesayensi yenkcubeko yenkcubeko.
Ubonakaliswe ngokufunda ngocoselelo umahluko osisiseko kunikezelo lwabemi kumphezulu womhlaba, oonobangela bokusasazwa okunjalo kunye neziphumo zalo zopolitiko, ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ezabemi kunye nezenkcubeko ngokunxulumene nezixhobo ezikhoyo okanye ezinokubakho zobume bendawo. izikali ezahlukeneyo.
Uphononongo okanye uphuhliso lweenkqubo zentlalo zeli sebe zikhokelele kwimvelaphi yamacandelwana ohlukeneyo ajolise kwezinye zeenkqubo. Olu luhlu lolwazi olucwangcisiweyo luhlalutyiwe okanye lufundwe ngakumbi ngamasebe:
Yabemi
Olu phononongo lweendlela zokuhanjiswa kwabantu emhlabeni kunye neenkqubo, nokuba zezokwexeshana okanye ezembali, zento eyenzekileyo kwaye ngenxa yoko ivele okanye yaguqulwa.
I-Económica
Elinye lamasebe ejografi esekwe kwiimodeli zoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo, ukwanda kokubini ngexesha nakwindawo yomhlaba. IJografi yezoqoqosho yindlela yokuziphatha efunda ukwabiwa kwejografi kwimiba yezoqoqosho; Iziphumo zoku kumazwe, kwimimandla kwaye, ngokubanzi, kuluntu. Silindele ubudlelwane obumnandi kakhulu kuqoqosho, kodwa ngokwembono yokuhanjiswa kwejografi kwezimo zoqoqosho. Ngokomnye wababhali bayo ababephayona, uKrugman, "isebe lezoqoqosho" malunga "nendawo yemveliso kwindawo."
Inkcubeko
Yindlela yejografi yabantu efunda ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwabantu kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba, eqatshelwe ngokokubona okunokwenzeka.
Urbana
Eli lelinye lamasebe ejografi afunda ngeentlanganiso zabantu ezimelwe ziidolophu, inani labemi, iimpawu, uguquko lwembali, imisebenzi kunye nokubaluleka kwesiqhelo.
Zasemaphandleni
Ifundisisa umhlaba wasemaphandleni, iinkqubo zezolimo kunye neenkqubo, iindawo zasemaphandleni, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho eyenziwa kuzo, ezinje ngezolimo, imfuyo nokhenketho. Iindidi zamaziko kunye neengxaki ezibangelwa ziindawo zokuhlala abantu, ukuguga, iingxaki zoqoqosho, iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, phakathi kwabanye, zibangelwa.
Kwezopolitiko
Njengoko igama layo libonisa, linoxanduva lokuphanda iindawo zopolitiko kunye nokuba iisayensi ezifanayo kunye nezinxulumene nazo zingabhekisa njani kwisayensi yezopolitiko kunye ne-geopolitics, kunye nakwicandelo lezemfundo elinamacandelo amaninzi.
Ezonyango
Eli sebe ligxile kwizifundo ezijongana nefuthe lokusingqongileyo kwimpilo yabantu. Ikwa phanda ukwabiwa kwezifo ngokwendawo, ngaphandle kokuyeka uphando ngemiba yokusingqongileyo enceda ekusasazeni kwabo. Oku kuye kwaba nenzululwazi encedisayo, engenanto kwaye akukho ngaphantsi kweyeza.
Zokwaluphala okanye ukukhula komzimba
Uhlalutya iimpembelelo zentlalontle yokwaluphala kwabemi ngokuqonda kobudlelwane phakathi kwendalo yasemzimbeni kunye nabantu abadala, kwizikali ezahlukeneyo, ezincinci (izindlu), amehlo (ebumelwaneni) kunye nemacro (isixeko, ingingqi, ilizwe) , phakathi kwabanye.
Iingqimba zejografi yendalo kunye nefizikiki
- Ukuma komhlaba: Eli sebe lifunda ngemvelaphi kunye nokuvela kweefom zobume bomhlaba.
- Ijografi yomhlaba: Eli sebe lifunda ngemvelaphi, ukuchwetheza kunye nokuhanjiswa komhlaba
- Imozulu: Eli sebe lihlalutya imozulu, iindidi kunye nokusasazwa kwalo, likwafunda izinto zabo kunye nokwahluka kwengingqi.
- I-biogeography: eEli sebe lifunda ngenkangeleko yendalo, yezilwanyana kunye nezikim zokuhambisa izityalo
- Umzobo wamanzi: elinye lamasebe ejografi elichaza izinto okanye iinyani malunga namanzi omhlaba
- Kubemi: Eli sebe lifunda ubungakanani, ukwakhiwa kunye nokusasazwa kwabemi ngokubhekisele kwiimpawu zobume bendawo
- lwezeNtlalo: eEli sebe lihlalutya iimeko zentlalo zamaqela abantu kunye nobudlelwane babo ngaphakathi kwimo yentlalo
Amanye amasebe ejografi angabalulekanga kangako
IJografi yeMathematika
Njengazo zonke, le ikwajolise kumphezulu womhlaba, kodwa ngokusekwe kumgangatho wayo wemathematics. Kwaye ikwafunda ubudlelwane obunayo nenyanga kunye nelanga, nokuba zingabonakala zodwa kangakanani ezi zinto zimbini, kungenziwa iyelenqe kwiikhweyitha zomhlaba, iitropiki, imigca ye-polar, ulungelelwaniso lwejografi kunye nokulinganisa ubungakanani Umhlaba ngophando lweziganeko zomhlaba ezivelisiweyo, imveliso yokunxibelelana kwezi zimbini.
Inyaniso ebangela umdla yeyokuba lelinye lamasebe elaqala ngaxeshanye ukuba iJografi yayimiselwe kwaye kunye nophuhliso lwayo luvela oluquka iTopography, Cartography, Astronomical Geography, Geostatistics and Geomatics.
Olunye uphawu olubalaseleyo kukuba xa kuqhutywa izifundo zokuqala zejografi, okanye xa kugutyungelwa indawo yoMhlaba kwindalo iphela nakwisijikelezi-langa, ukuhamba komhlaba, impembelelo yelanga nenyanga kumphezulu (ayinakuphepheka kwaye iyimfuneko indawo yokuqala kumasebe ejografi anje ngeKlimatology kunye neHydrology) kunye nenkcazo kunye nokuqondwa kweenkqubo zendawo, njengesiseko salo naluphi na uphononongo lwejografi, imixholo, iindlela kunye nolwazi olusetyenziswayo ekulungisweni kwejografi.
Eli sebe liye lavela kakhulu kangangokuba namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukuba ugxile kuphela kwisayensi enjalo.
Ijografi yendalo
Oku kulawula okanye kujonge ukucacisa ukwabiwa kwendawo kwezityalo nezilwanyana; kujongwa unxibelelwano olukhoyo phakathi kwezi kunye nendawo ebonakalayo apho bahlala khona. Kukulo eli sebe ukuphanda, umzekelo, izizathu zokuba kutheni ii-conifers zibalasele kwi-taiga, ii-xerophytes entlango okanye uhlaza oludlamkileyo ehlathini.
Ikwahlulahlulwe kwiPhytogeography, efunda ukuhanjiswa kwezityalo emhlabeni, kunye neZoogeography, efunda ukuhanjiswa kwezilwanyana emhlabeni. Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo kukuba i-botany, i-zoology kunye ne-ecology zivela kule sayensi.
Ijografi yezopolitiko
Le yinxalenye efunda ukusasazwa kunye nombutho wezopolitiko womhlaba, Oko kukuthi, ujongana nendlela eyabiwa ngayo intsimi ngokwendawo ahlala kuyo umntu.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba lelinye lawona masebe abanzi ejografi, kuba eyona nto iphambili kuhlalutyo ngamaziko ezopolitiko aphantsi kofundo ngamaziko ezopolitiko kwaye oku akubhekiseli kuphela kwiziko okanye kwiziko, kodwa nakwiindawo ezinokubalwa. Ukusuka kwiqela elincinci labantu abaqeqeshwe kakuhle kunye nolawulo oluphezulu ukuya kubumbano olukhulu lwezoqoqosho okanye ezopolitiko kwaye banqunyelwe njengoko ingamazwe kuphela.
Ukuqikelela kwale nzululwazi kunzima kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, i-geography yezopolitiko inomdla kuyo yonke imiba enxulumene nesayensi yayo, njengenkqubo yezopolitiko, iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ifuthe lezenzo zezopolitiko, phakathi kwabanye.
Enye into enomdla okanye yokufunda ijografi yezopolitiko yindawo yokuhlala, oko kukuthi, abantu, izizwe, imimandla, iindawo kunye nabanye. Kuba iyinto eyahlulahlula kwisayensi yezopolitiko kuba ngendlela efanayo imeko apho amaziko ezopolitiko aphuhliswa khona ngumxholo wohlalutyo.