Ngaba uyazi ukuba isebenza njani inkqubo yokuhambisa ulwazi kwinqanaba lenkqubo yemithambo-luvo? Ngaba uyazi ukuba i-glutamate idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo?
Mhlawumbi okwangoku ucinga nge "umami" edumileyo, okanye incasa yesihlanu ye-gastronomic, kwaye ngokuyinxalenye inezinto ezithile ezinxulumene nesihloko (kodwa siza kukuchaza oku kamva), nangona kunjalo, le glutamate esithetha ngayo kubume, yi-amino acid edityanisiweyo kwinqanaba lezakhiwo ze-neuronal.
Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ilungelelanisa ngokwenziwa kwezinto ezininzi ezikhethekileyo imisebenzi yokuphendula yomzimba kukuphazamiseka okanye inkuthazo, oku kuthetha ukuba, ngaphambi kovuselelo olufunyenwe ngamalungu ethu e-receptor, iqela lethu leeseli zemithambo-luvo liyasebenza, ukuze olu lwazi lufike embindini. Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo, apho impendulo iveliswa khona ikhutshwa sisixhobo esifanayo (i-reflex arc).
Kulungile ngoku Yeyiphi indima edlalwa yi-glutamate kuyo yonke le nto? Ewe, kuyenzeka ukuba kuyo yonke le nkqubo yolwazi-yokukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana, kuyilwa inethiwekhi yolwazi, apho ii-neurons zizinto ezisisiseko kolu tshintsho. Ungqamaniso! Ke, inkqubo apho izakhi ezibini ezinxibelelana khona ukwenza utshintshiselwano sele ithandwa, kwaye kungoku apho izinto zeli candelo, oko kukuthi, ii-neurotransmitters, zihlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo, kuba enkosi kubo qinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano phakathi kwee-neurons.
Ukutshintshwa kwe-Neural kunye ne-glutamates
Usibeka emxholweni, uyalikhumbula ixesha lokunganyatheli ngokungacacanga emnweni wakho, okanye uchukumise indawo eshushu? Ukuphendula kwakho kwangoko, ususe isandla sakho, okanye indawo yomzimba wakho echaphazelekayo, ukugcina ukuthembeka kwakho. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uqinisekisile "Ndiyenzile ndingakhange ndiyicinge", nangona kunjalo, oku akuyonyani ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko Emva kwempendulo yakho yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ye-neural, eyavumela ingqondo yakho ukuba iyile impendulo.
I-axis esembindini yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo yingqondo, kukho zonke iinkcukacha, iingcinga kunye neempendulo eziyilelweyo, nangona kunjalo, azikho kubume bengqondo, ezo zokubamba imiqondiso; Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho izakhiwo zeselula ezinxulunyaniswa nale nkqubo, ibizwa ngokuba zii-neurons, ezijongene nokudlulisa olo lwazi, ukusuka kumthombo apho luqokelelwe khona, kubume benkqubo ye-nervous system, enoxanduva lokuyila iimpendulo ngokwe ifumene ukhuthazo.
I-Neurons inesakhiwo esibonakalayo, esenziwe yinyukliya, equlathwe kulwakhiwo olubizwa "soma", Bakwabonisa uhlobo lwesilinda esandisiweyo esibizwa ngokuba" ngumzimba we-neuron ", odibanisa ukuphela kwentliziyo kunye nenucleus. Ukuhlanganiswa kweglutamate kwenzeka ngaphakathi kule seli. Iseli ivelisa le-amino acid, kuba ifuna ukuba ikwazi ukuseka unxibelelwano nezinye ii-neurons (iisynapses), kwaye eli candelo elenza ukuba kwenzeke, ngokusebenzisa isikhuthazi sayo kunye nemisebenzi ye-neurotransmitter, ukukhula kwe-reflex arc eyaziwayo, ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwempendulo yokuphendula evuselelayo.
Uhlobo lwento
Yi-amino acid engabalulekanga, edityaniswe kwi "presynaptic" ye-nervous cell metabolism, yonke into iqala nge-glutamine, eyi-amine eninzi emzimbeni, ngakumbi kwimisipha. Kule mpendulo, imveliso ephakathi iyajongwa, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-glutaminase, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-neuron ivelisa i-glutamate, i-amino acid efunekayo kwiinkqubo zokusasazeka kwezishukumisi kunye neempendulo. Eli candelo lifakwe kwi-neuron ye-postsynaptic, ngokusebenzisa ii-receptors ezithile, kwaye inxulumene nayo.
Inkqubo kwiseli ye-glial: Njengokuphela komjikelo obona ukuqala kwawo kwinkqubo echazwe apha ngasentla, kwenzeka okwesibini ukuvala umjikelo, owenziwayo, ngenxa yokusasazeka kwale amino acid ye-neurotransmitter kwiseli ye-glial, engumbindi yomqolo, kwaye kolu lwakhiwo impendulo eguqukayo iyenzeka kwaye kufunyenwe i-glutamine, ethathwa kwakhona yi-presynaptic neurons, ukuqala inkqubo entsha.
Ichaziwe yinkqubo eqhubekayo, eyenzeka kumawakawaka wesibini, okoko ukukhula kwe-arc reflex yinkqubo engagungqiyo, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu kulondolozo lwentlalo-ntle eluntwini.
Imisebenzi emzimbeni
IGlutamate yaziwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwayo kwiinkqubo ze-neuronal kwinqanaba lenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, nangona kunjalo, ikwamisela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinye izinto:
- Ukwenziwa kweeproteni: Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa ukutya, isebenza njengesandulela ekwakhiweni kweekhompawundi, ngakumbi ezo zohlobo lweprotheni.
- I-Neurotransmitter: Le yeyona ndima yayo ibalulekileyo, kuba inenxaxheba ephambili kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano phakathi kwee-neurons, apho inyusa kwaye ivuyisa izakhiwo ezikhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kwesikhuthazo kunye neempembelelo.
I-Neurons ikhupha i-glutamate eyenziweyo ngokudibanisa imetabolism, kwaye oku kusebenza njengomthunywa weekhemikhali, ukubanjwa ngamacandelo athile abizwa ngokuba ziiprotein receptors.
- Ii-protein receptors: I-N-methyl-D-aspartate, i-AMPA, iKainate, ezinye ezamkela i-glutamate zibizwa ngokuba yi-metabotropics. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba inkqubo yotshintshiselwano yolwazi phakathi kwee-neurons yenzeka ngokudibana kwe-axon yenye, kunye ne-dendrites yenye (izakhiwo zeseli), ihlala ifuna isenzo sezinto ezikhuthazayo.
Monosodium glutamate
Kwingcinga esetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi, xa sithetha nge "glutamate", ibhekisa kwityuwa ebangelwa kukusabela kwemolekyuli ye-amino acid ene-sodium engaxutywanga.
Eli candelo se yandisiwe inegama le-umami okanye i-ajinomoto, kwaye ifezekisa izicelo ezininzi kushishino lokutya:
Ukutya kwaseAsia: Ukudityaniswa kwe-umami, njengevumba lesihlanu emhlabeni, kuvumela ukulungiswa kweendlela zokupheka ezininzi, kwaye ngokwendalo ikhona kumacandelo asisiseko kule nkcubeko ye-gastronomic enje nge-algae (ukusuka kwi-230 ukuya kwi-3380 mg) kunye nesosi yesosi (450 ukuya kwi-700 mg) .
Umami, fYachazwa njengevumba "emnandi kakhulu", evelisa ulonwabo kwinkalakahla. Kwaye yayisisazinzulu u-Kikunae Ikeda, owayesebenza kwiDyunivesithi yaseTokyo, owayedibanisa ukuba imvakalelo eveliswe ngumhluzi we-kombu wolwandle lwaselwandle waveliswa yityuwa ye-monosodium. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ajinomoto ekutyeni kudala imvakalelo engenakuchazwa ngamagama, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi iba likhoboka, esikhokelela ekufumaneni ukugqitha.
Ukutya okungaphendulwanga: Ityuwa yeMonosodium ifumaneka kukutya ngokwendalo, ngaphandle kwale ntsingiselo yokuba iyinto ephambili ekulungiseleleni, ngezantsi ezinye zazo zinomxholo wazo wetyuwa ye-monosodium:
- Utamatisi (140-250 mg)
- Iitapile (30-180 mg)
- Ham (340 mg)
- Iti eluhlaza (200- 650 mg)
- Iitshizi: iparmesan (1150 mg), i-chedar (180 mg), i-roquefort (1200 mg).
Iipilisi: Okwexeshana, i-500 mg tablet eboniswa kunye neli candelo yayithandwa kwimarike yasimahla. Baye bachazwa njengokutya kwengqondo, kwaye kwincoko yababini yokuthengisa, imveliso ekwaziyo ukusebenza kunye nokukhuthaza iinkqubo zobuchopho zanikezelwa. Ngelixa oku kungeyonyani ngokupheleleyo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukutya kwe-glutamate kufuneka kwenziwe ngononophelo. Kuyingozi ukutshintsha ibhalansi yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, ekhokelela kwisifo, esaziwa njenge "Ukusuka kwindawo yokutyela yamaTshayina".
Isitshayina yokutyela isifo: Ezinye izazinzulu zingqina ukuba eyona nto yenziweyo kwinqanaba lesisu yayiyile tyuwa ye-monosodium, edla ngokudodobalisa iinkqubo kwinqanaba lenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, apho i-amino acid yenziwa ngokwendalo kwinqanaba le-neuronal; Ngesi sizathu, ukutya ukutya kwesi sidibanisi kuvelisa ukonyuka kwamanqanaba e-neurotransmitter, yona ngokwayo eneempawu ezivuyisa iinkqubo ze-synapse. Ukunyanzelwa yinto ebangela ukuba imeko ibe mandundu, kuba inyanzelisa imeko yokudinwa kumntu onamava, kuthi, kwiimeko ezingapheliyo, akhokelele ekufeni kwee-neurons. Iziphumo zokusebenzisa i-ajinomoto zinokudweliswa kwezi mpawu ziqhelekileyo zilandelayo:
- Ukuba nesiyezi
- Ukugula.
- Iintlungu zesifuba.
- Isifo sombefu.
- Ukuxhuzula (kwimeko yezigulana ezibuthathaka, okanye ngengqondo).