Ibhayoloji sisayensi ebanzi kakhulu, ebandakanya ukufundwa kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, nokuba zizilwanyana, izinambuzane, izityalo kunye nendalo uqobo, icacisa indlela abaziphethe ngayo kuzo zonke iinkalo, yiyo loo nto ifuna inkxaso phantse kuzo zonke ezinye iinzululwazi.
Phakathi kwezenzululwazi eziphambili ezisebenza ngokubambisana ne-biology kunokukhankanywa, i-chemistry, i-physics, i-geography, i-ultrasound, i-anatomy, i-zoology, i-botany, kunye nezinye ezininzi, ezibonelela ngedatha eyimfuneko ukumisela izigqibo malunga nokuba yeyiphi intsimi yebhayoloji.
Nangona isayensi nganye encedisayo yebhayoloji inenjongo yayo, isebenza njengenkxaso enkulu kuyo, kuba le sayensi igubungela inkalo enkulu yokufunda, kodwa ngaphambi kokuqala ukucacisa ezi sayensi zikhankanywe apha ngasentla, kubalulekile ukuqonda ibhayoloji, kwaye yonke into oyifundayo.
Yintoni ibhayoloji?
Oku kubandakanya ukufundwa kwayo yonke into enxulumene nezinto eziphilayo, indlela abaziphatha ngayo mihla le, kunye nokuziphatha kwabo ngokwesini, indawo yokuhlala ebangqongileyo kunye nendlela ebachaphazela ngayo, inkqubo yokuzala kwakhona, kunye nokuvela kwabo.
Ibhayoloji izama ukuqonda ukuba ezi ntlobo zinxulumene njani ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye zizonke, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa, kumiselwa kwaye kulawulwa imithetho yobomi bendalo.
Oku kugubungela indawo enkulu ngokubhekisele koko ikufundayo, ngenxa yeso sizathu isebenza ngokudibeneyo kunye nesayensi ezininzi ezincedayo okanye ezixhasayo, kuba olu phononongo lubandakanya zonke izinto ezichaphazela izinto eziphilayo kunye nendalo ngokubanzi.
Kukho amasebe aliqela ale sayensi, asebenza ngokukodwa ngaphakathi kuyo, njengebhayoloji yaselwandle enoxanduva lokufunda izinto eziphilayo zaselwandle, kunye nemeko-bume yazo yonke.
IiSayensi eziNcedisayo zeBiology
Ngamnye kubo ubalule izifundo zabo, ezizimeleyo kunye nezomthonyama, kodwa zona zibonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yokuba izifundo ezikhankanyiweyo zibaluleke kakhulu malunga nokuziphatha kunye nophuhliso. iintlobo zezifundo zebhayoloji.
Nangona ezinye zezi zithathwa njengamasebe e-biology, kuye kwagqitywa ukuba zizimele, ngenxa yesi sizathu zithathwa njengezenzululwazi ezincedisayo zebhayoloji, ezinokukhankanywa kwezi zilandelayo.
Ezendalo
Oku linoxanduva lokufunda ngemeko-bume kunye neendawo zokuhlala apho zonke izinto eziphilayo zinokuphila okanye zingaphili, ziphuhle kwaye ziguquke, zikwanika nezinto ezinokuchaphazela abantu, ukufezekisa ukuvumelana phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba esona sizathu siphambili sokuqala kwesifundo sebhayoloji yendalo esingqongileyo kungenxa yemigangatho yongcoliseko lokuba indalo iyasokola kwaye inokuthi ke ichaphazele ukukhula kwayo, kunye nenkqubo yokuzivelela kwezinto ebalulekileyo yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ibonakaliswa ngokusebenza ngokubambisana nezinye iisayensi ezincedisayo zebhayoloji ezinje ngezilwanyana kunye nebhotani.
Ukuzivelela kwezinto
Isetyenziswa kuphononongo lwemvelaphi, ukukhula kunye nokuvela kwendalo, ukumisela indawo yabo yokuqala, kunye nendlela abahambe ngayo kule minyaka idlulileyo, ukuziqhelanisa namanqanaba ahlukeneyo umhlaba awudlulisileyo, kunye nendlela obuchaphazele ngayo.
UCharles Darwin wayengumanduleli weli sebe lebhayoloji, kuba wacebisa ithiyori, eguqula ngokupheleleyo indlela yokucinga yoluntu malunga nokuvela koluntu.
Oku kukhuthaza iziseko zayo ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into ekufundweni kweefosili, ezichonga ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezazifudula zikhona, kunye nendlela ezinye ezaziguquka ngayo.
Ulwakhiwo
Yinzululwazi enikezelweyo kwaye isetyenziswe kulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli kunye nokukhula kwazo, okufanelekileyo kakhulu ngokwezifundo zonyango zabantu, umzekelo ngayo kuye kwagqitywa ukuba yenziwa njani iDNA, iiproteni, ukwenziwa kwezinye zeemolekyuli .
Le sayensi ibaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekisele kwimpilo yabantu, kuba ngayo inyanga izifo ezinje ngomhlaza ezinokuphuhliswa, ngokusekwe kubume beemolekyuli, kwaye zona zibenzele ukunyanga.
Phuhliso
Ifunda ngayo yonke into enxulumene nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo njengoko igama lisitsho, ijolise kwindlela ezenziwa ngayo izicwili kunye namalungu kwinkqubo yokukhulelwa nakwindlela yokwenziwa komzimba, kwaye bayaqhubeka nokujonga ukukhula kunye nokuguga kwezinto eziphilayo.
Inkqubo
Lubonakala ngokufunda izixokelelwano zendalo, uguquko lwazo kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kulo, zisebenzisa inkqubo yemathematika njengenkxaso ephambili, ikwabizwa ngokuba kukudibanisa izifundo, kubandakanya inzululwazi ezininzi zebhayoloji.
Abantu
Ifunda ngazo zonke iindlela zokuziphatha komntu, iimeko apho banokuphila okanye abangakwaziyo ukuhlala khona, indlela yabo yokuphila kunye nemingcipheko enokuthi ichaphazele ubomi babo ngokubanzi, luphononongo olusekwe ngakumbi kuphuhliso lwabo njengomntu ophilayo hayi kubume beemolekyuli.
Olu hlobo lwebhayoloji lujolise kuphela kuhlanga lwabantu, olubaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekisele kwizinto ezinokubachaphazela, ezinje ngezifo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, indlela abaziphethe ngayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
UMarina
Funda yonke into enxulumene nezidalwa zaselwandle, ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwezi molekyuli, ngokucacileyo oku kubandakanya zombini izilwanyana kunye neentyatyambo.
Ubuye wazinikezela ekufundeni ukuba angayinyamekela njani imeko-bume yaselwandle, nokuba ichaphazeleke njani ngenxa yotshintsho emoyeni, okanye ungcoliseko.
Ukuzala
Ukwahluka kweentlobo kubalwa ngokwenqanaba lokuzala elinokuba nalo, kwaye kule nkalo isayensi le isekwe kuyo, enokuthi ichonge ukuba ngaba indalo inabantu abaninzi na, okanye isengozini yokuphela.
I-Anatomy
Funda ngendlela owenziwe ngayo umzimba, nokuba ngabantu okanye nawuphi na umntu ophilayo, uchaza iindawo ezichanekileyo, kunye namagama amalungu, amathambo kunye nezicubu abanokuba nazo.
Ikwabandakanya ukufundwa kokusebenza kwelungu ngalinye kunye nazo zonke izinto ezenza isidalwa esiphilayo, ukuze kumiselwe iimpazamo zabo kunye nendlela yokuziphepha.
Aerobiology
Ifundisisa ukuhanjiswa kunye nokusasazeka kwezinto ezinje ngefungus, ipollen, spores, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kunye nokuziphatha kwabo, okuye kwanceda inzululwazi yezonyango ukuba ilwe nezinto ezingahambelaniyo nezinto ezithile emzimbeni.
Zezityalo
Jonga ubudlelwane bezityalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kunye nokukhula kwazo, ukwakheka, indaleko, kunye nophuhliso kwindalo esingqongileyo, ukusebenzisa yonke into ethethwa zizifundo zebhayoloji.
Uluhlu lwezinto eziphilayo
Inoxanduva lokufunda indawo ezikuyo izinto eziphilayo, kwanemvelaphi yesizathu sokuba babekho, nendlela ebatshintshe ngayo ngokwasemzimbeni.
Oku kufuna inzululwazi ezincedisayo zebhayoloji ezinje nge-botany, i-zoology, i-ecology kunye namanye amasebe, ukuze ikwazi ukuzilolonga.
Intsholongwane
Sisebenza lonke uphononongo kunye namanye amasebe ebhayoloji kuyo yonke into enokubizwa ngokuba yi-bacteria, oku kubandakanya indlela yayo yokuzala, ukukhula kwayo kwindalo esingqongileyo, ubume bayo beemolekyuli, phakathi kwabanye.
Biophysics
I-Biophysics isebenza kuzo zonke iindlela ze-physics ukunika idatha efanelekileyo nebalulekileyo kwi-biology. Kangangexesha elithile bekuxoxwa malunga nokuba ingaba eli isebe lebhayoloji okanye ifiziksi, kuba iinkqubo ezininzi zomzimba zibonwa koku, kodwa zijolise ekuxhaseni ibhayoloji.
Ngokwemvelo ithathwa njengesayensi encedisayo yebhayoloji kwinyani elula yokunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ekufundweni kwayo.
IBhayoloji
Funda ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali zezinto eziphilayo, kunye neenkqubo ezinokuba nazo iimolekyuli zazo, ezinje ngemetabolism ngokomzekelo. Le yenzululwazi ibhengezwe njengesebe le chemistry, kodwa iyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngedatha eluncedo yebhayoloji.
Biomechanics
Isetyenziselwa ukufundwa kokuhamba, i-physics, ukuxhathisa kunye nokulinganisela kwemizimba yezinto eziphilayo, olu hlobo lokufunda lubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-kinematic kunye ne-mechanical eyenziwa kwizilwanyana, izityalo okanye izinto eziphilayo.
I-Biomechanics ixhomekeke kwi-physics kunye ne-anatomy kwisifundo sayo, nangona okwangoku inxulunyaniswa ne-bionics.
ICytology
Ifunda iiseli kwinqanaba le-biochemical kunye nelomzimba, nakumanqanaba aphezulu kunalawo eemolekyuli.
Zoology
Isekwe ekusetyenzisweni kwazo zonke iimpawu zezifundo zebhayoloji kwizilwanyana zazo zonke iintlobo, nokuba zizilwanyana ezanyisayo, izirhubuluzi, iintaka phakathi kwabanye, zisazi imvelaphi yazo kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inzululwazi ezincedisayo zebhayoloji zinokuhlulwahlulwa ngakumbi, kunye nobuchwephesha kuzo zonke, ngokomzekelo kwiZoology unokufumana amasebe afunda ngohlobo oluthile olunjengeHerpetology egxile kwizirhubuluzi.
I-Biology ikwavelise izifundo ezintsha ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, ethe yasetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwayo kumasebe afana ne-bionics, okanye i-biotechnology, ethi isebenzise inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kwizinto eziphilayo.
Iimpawu
Luxanduva lokufunda nokuhlela izinto eziphilayo ngokwemisebenzi abanayo kwiindawo abahlala kuzo kunye nendlela abanokubachaphazela ngayo.
I-ecology
Iphonononga ubudlelwane obunokubakho izidalwa eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukuba ubukho bazo buchaphazela njani, ziziphi izibonelelo abazibonelelayo kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, kunye nokugxila kungcoliseko lwehlabathi oluchaphazela bonke abemi bazo zonke iintlobo zehlabathi. Iplanethi.
Imigaqo yokuziphatha
Isekwe kuphononongo lokuziphatha, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuqiqa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwiindawo abahlala kuzo, okanye kwiindawo ekuthinjweni kuzo, sisayensi encedisayo yebhayoloji equlethe okuninzi kwengqondo, kwaye ihlala iqhutywa nophando lwentsimi.
Izifo
Oku kuphawulwa ngokufunda ukuyilwa nolwakhiwo lwezifo kunye neendlela zazo zokusasaza ngokuthe ngqo.
Imfuza
Eyona njongo iphambili yale sayensi kukufumana idatha kwiijeni ezenza izinto eziphilayo, kunye neempawu zazo zofuzo, ezinje ngeDNA ephindaphindwayo okanye ephindiweyo ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.
Kubantu, i-genetics incedisile ekuboneni ukuba ngaba umntwana uza kuzalwa enempawu zikayise, okanye zikanina, ngenxa yophando lwenkqubo yelifa lemfuza.
Ingqondo
Funda ngendlela izinto eziphilayo eziveliswa ngayo kunye nemvelaphi yazo, ngokusekwe kulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli, kunye nookhokho babo abanokufunda nge-paleontology.
Paleontology
Kwenza nzulu ukufundisisa iifosili zezinto eziphilayo ezingasekhoyo, apho onke amacandelo anokufundwa ngenxa yexabiso leentsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane ezifumaneka kuzo.
Ndiyabulela kule nzululwazi incedisayo yebhayoloji, ekwasebenzisa i-geology, kuye kwenzeka ukumisela isimilo esithile kunye neendlela zokuphila ezazinazo izilwanyana zakudala ezinjengeedinosaurs.