Iimpawu kunye neepropathi zodibaniso lwe-nonpolar covalent

Ukusukela oko kwaqala uphononongo ngokubhekisele kwiimpawu zomcimbi, izazinzulu zathintela ubukho bamandla anakho ukuseka unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. "Amasuntswana atsala omnye komnye yimikhosi" Yile nto yathethwa nguIsaac Newton, kwaye kwiminyaka kamva, ngenxa yokuveliswa kwemfumba edumileyo ye-voltaic, uJöns Jakob Berzelius, wayeza kuphuhlisa ithiyori malunga nenkqubo yokudibanisa imichiza.

Ndiyabulela kwinkqubela phambili yophando olwenziwe zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo, namhlanje sinokuqiniseka ukuba izinto zeekhemikhali, njengabantu, ziyasebenzisana, kwaye kweli nyathelo sifumana izakhiwo ezitsha, iifusus, phakathi kwezinye iinkqubo.

Iziphumo zokunxibelelana okunjalo zixhomekeke kwiimpawu ezizodwa zomntu ngamnye othabatha inxaxheba, oya kuthi anciphise uhlobo lomanyano oluvelisiweyo, phakathi kwabanye. Ukuze ngaphakathi kwemolekyuli ubophelelo olungelolwesibambiso lwenzeka iintlobo ezichaphazelekayo kufuneka zifane ngokubhekiselele kwi-electronegativities.

Iimeko ezimisela ukwenziwa kwamakhonkco

Nangona kunokucingelwa ukuba ezi nkqubo zokwenziwa kweekhompawundi ngokudala iibhondi, zenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye kuzo zonke iimeko ezinokubakho, inyani kukuba umanyano phakathi kweeathom zezinto lwenzeka xa iimeko ezijikelezileyo zenkqubo zilungile, kuthetha ukuba izinto ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu noxinzelelo, zithintela ukwenzeka, kwaye ziguqula iziphumo okanye iimpawu zekhompawundi eyenziweyo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuxinana kwezinto, okumisela ukuba leliphi inani kwaye loluphi uhlobo lwecandelo eliza kubakho kwinkqubo yokudibanisa.

Iimpawu ezizodwa zamasuntswana, zeziphi kumisela ukuba bubungakanani kwaye zeziphi iintlobo ezidityanisiweyo; Ukuchonga ngendlela efanayo uhlobo lwekhonkco ekufuneka luphuhlisiwe. Kuya kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba, ngokomthetho kaPauling, uhlobo lwebhondi eyenziweyo luya kuxhomekeka kukwahluka kombane phakathi kohlobo, olulinganiswa ngokwesikali salo:

• Ionic: Umahluko mkhulu okanye ulingana no-1,7. Oku kubonisa ukuba olu hlobo lwebhondi luphawu lwento enee-electronegativities ezahlukeneyo, ukuze eyona athom inamandla ikhuphe ii-electron kwigobolondo layo lokugqibela.
• Covalent: Umahluko phakathi kwe-1,7 kunye ne-0,5. Kuyatshiwo ukuba ihlala yenziwa phakathi kwezinto zobuchwephesha obuphezulu (ezingezizo izinyithi), kwaye kuyenzeka ukuba ikhompawundi eyenziweyo sisiphumo secandelo leeathom.
• Ezingafaniyo ne-polar: Kwenzeka xa umahluko orekhodiweyo ungaphantsi kwe-0,5 (nangona ihlala ilingana no-zero).

Yintoni i-nonpolar covalent bond?

Ibhondi yindlela yokuchaza inkqubo yokubopha phakathi kweeathom ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu, njengemveliso yamandla anomtsalane avelisiweyo. Njengoko kusaziwa, i-nucleus yee-athomu inesimo esihle (kuba yenziwe ngee-proton kunye nee-neutron), ngenxa yesi sizathu utyekelo lwendalo lweentlobo ezimbini zeekhemikhali kukugxothana, nangona kunjalo, ilifu le-electron ojikeleza ejikeleze i-nucleus eyenza ukuba inkqubo yokwenziwa kweebhondi zamachiza yenzeke.

Ukuze ibhondi yenzeke, iintlobo zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo kufuneka zibonise ezi zinto zilandelayo:

Omnye wabo kufuneka abonise ukunqongophala kwee-elektroni kwigobolondo lakhe lokugqibela, kwaye enye kufuneka ibe nentlawulo ye-elektroniki ekhoyo ukuze babelane. Le meko yomtsalane yenza ukuba kungabikho mandla okugxotha phakathi kwe-nuclei ukuba arhoxiswe ngenxa yobukhulu bamandla okudibanisa.

Ibhondi engahambelaniyo kunye, sisenzo esidibanisa ii-atom ezinohlobo olufanayo, kuba ukwenzeka kwayo kumiselwe ngumahluko kwizinto zobuchwephesha ezithi zihambe ziye ku-0 (okanye njengoko kumiselwe nguLinus Pauling: kwisithuba esingaphantsi ko-0,5). Iimolekyuli ezibangelwa lolu hlobo lomanyano azinantlawulo yombane kwaye zilingana kulwakhiwo lwazo. Ayilulo uhlobo lwekhonkco olwenzeka rhoqo, nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwemizekelo yolu hlobo lwemanyano esinokuyikhankanya:

• Unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu zeathom enye: Ukuba ujongana nomanyano phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezilinganayo, umahluko wokubaluleka kwamandla awuyi kuba zero, ke ngoko, uhlobo olunobophelelo olungelololanga luya kuchazwa.
• IMethane lityala elikhethekileyo, apho i-electronegativity efanayo phakathi kwekhabhoni (C) kunye neoksijini (O2), umahluko ngu-0,4.
• Ezinye iintlobo ezinamazwe odibaniso zi-diatomic, ezinjengehydrogen (H2), initrojeni (N2), ifluorine (F2) kunye neoksijini (O2bathambekele ekwenzeni olu hlobo lwesixokelelwano. Ezi ntlobo zeentlobo zihlala zidityaniswa ngababini, kuba zifuna enye imolekyuli ukuba izinzile ngokwamachiza.

Iimpawu zemixube yeebhondi ezingahambelaniyo nomhlaba

• Banendawo yokunyibilika ephantsi kunye neendawo ezibilayo.
• Aziqhubeki kakuhle nobushushu.
• Azinyibiliki emanzini kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo.
• Bangabaqhubi ombane abahlwempuzekileyo, ziimolekyuli ezinombane ongathathi hlangothi.
• Iimolekyuli zilingana ngokubhekisele kwindiza ekubhekiswa kuyo kwindawo ejikelezayo phakathi kweembumba ezimbini.

Inkqubo yokuchonga uhlobo lwebhondi kwimolekyuli

Ukuba ufuna ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo ukuba uhlobo lwebhondi kwimolekyuli Uhlobo lwe-nonpolar covalent, Kuya kufuneka ulandele la manyathelo alandelayo alandelayo, ukuze uqinisekise ngokwezibalo:

• Okokuqala, kufuneka uchonge ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwezinto ezenza imolekyuli kunye nohlobo lwazo: ukuba zizinyithi, unokufumana ubuchwephesha babo kwicala lasekhohlo letheyibhile yamaxesha, kwaye ukuba ayizezentsimbi kwicala lasekunene.
• Ngaphambi kokwenza ubalo, ungasele unayo umbono malunga nesiphumo oza kusifumana, kuba, ngokwenkcazo, ukuba uphambi kwezinto ezimbini ezingezizo ezesinyithi, ibhondi edibeneyo iya kuyila.
• Ubeka i-electronegativities yohlobo ngalunye kwitheyibhile yamaxesha ezinto.
• Wenza ngokuthabatha okulula, emva koko ubeke etafileni uhlobo lwekhonkco apho iziphumo zakho zihambelana khona.