I-Hydrochloric acid ibonakaliswa ngokuba lulwelo olungenambala, luze emva koko lube nevumba elirhabaxa, nangona kwezinye iimeko kunokuqatshelwa ukuba into leyo inethowuni etyheli kuba iqulethe ii-chlorine braids, izinto eziphilayo okanye ezinye iimeko zentsimbi.
Eli khompawundi linokufunyanwa yi Inkqubo yokudibanisa kunye nokufakwa emanzini kwi-gaseous hydrogen kunye ne-chlorine, yaziwa kakuhle ngeempawu zayo zokuzinza kwe-thermal, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungafaniyo okunokunikwa, enyanisweni iyikhemikhali eluncedo kakhulu namhlanje kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezenziwa kumashishini nakwiinkampani zemveliso, kunye nakwiilebhu zeekhemikhali. .
Ukuqala kwale asidi imangalisayo ekwinqanaba lokuthandwa kwehlabathi kwindawo yesibini, emva nje kwesulphuric acid, kwakukwiminyaka yamaxesha aphakathi, xa endaweni yezazinzulu esele zikhona, okanye oosokhemesti, ezi zinto zenziwa ngabenzi bezinto zamachiza.
Imiba ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yokuba le khompawundi yafunyanwa njani okokuqala, kunye neempawu zayo, imiba, iipropathi, ukusetyenziswa kunye nezikhuselo ezifanelekileyo ziya kuqatshelwa apha ngezantsi.
Yintoni ihydrochloric acid?
I-Hydrochloric acid sisisombululo samanzi segesi esaziwa njenge hydrogen chloride, Iimpawu zayo ezinokuthi zingonakalise ngokwenene kwaye zibe neasidi. Ezona ndawo zisetyenziswayo zixhaphakileyo ezinokufunyanwa kule asidi zinjenge reagent yemichiza. I-Hydrochloric acid yindawo enokuthi ihlulwe ngokupheleleyo kwizisombululo ezinamandla.
Le khompawundi ineempawu ezithile kubushushu begumbi, njengokubanombala omthubi kancinci, iyabola, inobunzima obukhulu emoyeni, inevumba elicaphukisayo, kwaye inokutsha, xa ivezwe emoyeni, ihydrochloric acid yenze umhlwa kakhulu Ukuqwalaselwa kobuninzi, obunokuthi buqapheleke ngombala wabo omhlophe, oku kunokuphinda kugxothwe ziintaba-mlilo.
IHydrogen chloride inokwenziwa ngokutshisa iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngeplastikhi, kwaye xa idibana namanzi, kuxa i-hydrochloric acid yenziwe, ezi zinto zimbini zibola kakhulu.
Historia
Yaziwa njengomoya wetyuwa ngoososayensi bamandulo bamaxesha aphakathi, kanye ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, ihydrochloric acid yinkompo ekufumaniswe ukuba kufunyenwe impazamo kuYabir Ibn Hayyan, kuba wayengumbhali womsebenzi owaziwa ngokuba yi "Pseudo -Gerber corpus ", umsebenzi wabhaptizwa ngeli gama kuba uJabir wayesaziwa njengeGerber.
E-Yurophu kwabakho ukwanda okungathethekiyo ngenxa yezinto zealkali, eli yayilixesha lotshintsho lokuqala kwimizi-mveliso, ngenxa yale mfuno inkulu uNicolás Leblanc wavelisa indlela entsha yokufumana, evumela imveliso ukuba inyuke kwinqanaba, ifikelele ekuveliseni izinto ngobuninzi, kwaye ke ngokwenza ukuba kungabizi kakhulu ukuvelisa.
Kwinkqubo yeLeblanc amalahle, ilitye lekalika, kunye nesalfuric acid zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula amanzi abe yisoda, Oku kufezekiswa ngokukhupha i-hydrogen chloride njengemveliso yenkunkuma, eyayikhutshelwe ngaphambili emoyeni, kodwa ngenxa yomthetho owasekwa ngo-1863, wanyanzelisa amashishini ukuba afunxe irhasi yenkunkuma, emanzini, ngenxa yoku Oku kwaqala ukuvelisa ihydrochloric I-asidi kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
Inkqubo yeLeblanc yathatha iminyaka emininzi, nangona inkulungwane yama-XNUMX yathatyathelwa indawo eyenye esebenza ngokukuko, kodwa ngenxa yoko engakuvumeli ukuveliswa kwehydrochloric acid, nangona eli qela lalisele lisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela, ke iiMizi mveliso ezinkulu batyale ixesha elininzi kwiinkqubo zokuyifumana, kuba bekukho imfuno yehydrochloric acid.
Iimpawu zehydrochloric acid
I-Hydrochloric acid ineempawu eziqhelekileyo kwilizwe le-chemistry, ezinje ngokunyibilika kunye neendawo zokubila, i-pH kunye noxinano, oluxhomekeke kuxinzelelo lwe-HCl khompawundi kwisisombululo esiqinileyo. Ukulinganisa uxinzelelo, umntu kufuneka abhenele kwimolarity, nangona oku kungekho kuzo zonke iimeko.
Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yehydrochloric acid, enokufumaneka phakathi Iimveliso ezithengisa kakhulu kwintengiso, ihlala ifunyanwa kumanani aphakathi kwama-38% nama-25%
Iigrama ezingama-38 zale khompawundi zinokuhlanjululwa emanzini rhoqo ngeemililitha eziyi-100 zayo, kodwa kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi anokukwazi ukwenza iikristali ze-HCI H2Okanye nge-68% ye-HCl, isisombululo esinjalo siyakwazi ukwenza i-azeotrope.
Ngenxa yempendulo ye-organic ye-organic ye-organic yezinto ezine-di-chlorine, inani elikhulu le-hydrochloric acid liyenziwa, le nkqubo ixhaphake kakhulu kwimizi mveliso emikhulu yemichiza.
Iimveliso zokucoca zihlala zinexinaniso yale khompawundi yamanani ukusuka kwi-10% ukuya kwi-12% ngesiqhelo, ezaziwa njengezisombululo zokusetyenziswa kwekhaya.
Kukho iikhompawundi zolu hlobo ezinokuxinana okuphezulu, okunje nge-40%, nangona ezi zihlala ziyingozi, kuba inqanaba lonyuko luphezulu kakhulu, ke kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo athile okuzigcina.
Enye indlela esebenzayo yokufumana i-hydrochloric acid kukususa umbane ngesisombululo setyuwa esiqhelekileyo, esinokuvelisa i-di-chloro, di-hydrogen, kunye nesodium hayidroksayidi. Ngokufumana i-di-chlorine yegesi ngale ndlela, inokudityaniswa ne-di-hydrogen gas ukwenza ikhompawundi ye-HCI ebonakaliswa ngokucoceka ngamachiza.
Chemistry
IHydrogen chloride yaziwa njenge i-asidi yodwaKungenxa yokuba ekubunjweni kwayo okwenziwe yion enye eyaziwa ngokuba yiproton, enesakhono sokubopha kwimolekyuli yamanzi ukufumana i-oxonium ion, oku kude kube nje kwisisombululo esinamandla.
I-Hydrochloric acid inenye ion eyi-chloride, ngenxa yoku, eli khompawundi linamandla okusetyenziselwa ukwenza iityuwa ezaziwa ngokuba ziichloride, njenge-sodium chloride.
I-Hydrochloric acid yaziwa ngokuba inesakhiwo esomeleleyo, kuba inokudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo emanzini.
Ii-asidi ze-Monoprotic zingabonisa inqanaba lokwahlulwa kwamanzi ngendlela yokwahlulahlula rhoqo emelwe ngu-Ka, Xa unesisombululo samanzi se-HCl, ixabiso lokuhlala lichazwe apha ngasentla lihlala liphezulu kwii-asidi ezinamandla ezinjenge-HCI xa ii-chloride zongezwa, njenge-NaCl, kwezi nkqubo i-PH yokugqibela ihlala ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuba Utshintsho alubalulekanga kangako, olubonisa ukuba isiseko se-conjugate esibuthathaka esibizwa ngokuba yi-CI ion sifunyenwe, esibonisa ukuba i-HCI ikwisimo esipheleleyo sokuzahlula xa ikwizisombululo ezinamandla.
Le asidi nangona ineempawu eziyichaza njengeasidi eyomeleleyo, kuvela ukuba kunjalo enye yezona zinobungozi bokukhohlisaNgaphandle kobuncwane bayo obubonakalayo, ivelisa iichlorion ion engasebenziyo.
Uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali yindawo yalo emiselweyo, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwayo okuninzi okunikezelwayo, kuluncedo kakhulu ekwetyisweni kweesampulu kuhlalutyo lwazo.
Uyifumana njani i-hydrochloric acid
Inokufunyanwa nge-sodium chloride kunye nokunyibilika emanzini. Kwiinkqubo zeshishini kufezekiswa ngokudityaniswa kwesodium chloride, kwaye ukuze oku kungenzeki ngobundlongondlongo, iigesi zombini ziqala ukuxubana nje xa impendulo iqala ukwenzeka, oku kungenxa yempendulo phakathi kwe-chlorine ne-hydrogen enokuqhuma kwindalo . Le nkqubo ifezekiswa ngokudlulisa umsinga othile wee-chlorine gases nge-hydrogen flame.
Izinto eziluhlaza zenkqubo yale sodium chloride. Ukufezekisa amanqanaba ayimfuneko e-chlorine kunye ne-hydrogen, kufuneka kwenziwe i-electrolysis yesisombululo se-sodium chloride, esaziwa kakhulu ngegama le-brine.
ISagua la Grande sisixeko esiseCuba, ilizwe laso lilikhaya kumzi-mveliso wemichiza owaziwa ngokuba yi-Electroquímica de Sagua, apho eli khompawundi lifumaneka ngokweenkqubo ezichazwe ngasentla. Igama lokwenyani lesityalo ngu "Elpidio Sosa".
Ezona zicelo ziqhelekileyo zale khompawundi
I-Hydrochloric acid ineempawu ezintle, ke ngoko inamandla okufezekisa imisebenzi eliqela, kuba ithathwa njenge-asidi eyomeleleyo, eguqukayo kwaye eyona ilungileyo, iyi-asidi enexabiso eliphantsi. Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lokusetyenziswa olunokufunyanwa kweli khompawundi linje ngokuhla, kuba linokususa ilitye lekalika.
Kwimizi-mveliso yokuvelisa ukutya ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokujongwa njengokunyibilikisa amathambo alungiselelwe i-gelatin.
Le asidi inokuphinda isetyenziselwe ukuphelisa inkunkuma enokushiyeka izinto zealkali, emva koko isetyenziselwa ukulawula i-PH yezisombululo ezithile, okanye ukuqonda ngcono i-asidi yayo, njengokutya, amanzi, kunye neemveliso zamayeza.
Ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kukunyibilikisa umaleko we-oxide onokuthi wenze kwiindawo zentsimbi, le nkqubo luphawu lweshishini lenkqubo ye-metallurgical.
Esinye sezona zicelo zibaluleke kakhulu kukuhlaziya ii-resins zotshintshiselwano nge-ion, ekufuneka zisetyenziswe kumgangatho ophezulu wehydrochloric acid.
Umngcipheko kunye neziphumo eziyingozi
Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwale khompawundi, okanye iinkqubo zokuyifumana, kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu, ekubaluleke kakhulu kuzo ukuba nolwazi oluncinci, ngenxa yeso sizathu silula, ezinye zezinto ezinobungozi kunye nobungozi ziya kuboniswa ngezantsi. inokuzisa ukutya, okanye ukunxibelelana nehydrochloric acid.
Iziphumo eziyingozi
Iziphumo eziyingozi zehydrochloric acid zinokubandezeleka nokuba zikude nje ekuphenduleni, kuba yinto ekruqulayo kunye neyonakalisayo kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwethishu, ke ukuba kufutshane nayo okanye ukumisela unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kunokubangela ukufa.
Ngokusekwe kukuxinana kunye nomgama weli khompawundi, kunokubangela ukusuka kukucaphuka okuncinci, kukutsha kakhulu kulusu lwabantu, kwanokuvezwa okunokuthathwa njengokuphantsi kwixesha elide kunokuvelisa ezinye iimpawu ezinjengokucaphuka umqala, emehlweni, iingxaki zokuphefumla, kunye nokudumba kombala emazinyweni.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba le khompawundi iyingozi kakhulu ebantwini, isisu sinobuncinci i-3% yehydrochloric acid, kuba iyanceda ekuboliseni ukutya, kunye nasekufumaneni iivithamini.
Ukunqongophala kwale khompawundi esiswini kunokubangela izifo ezinje nge-hypochlorhydria kunye ne-achlorhydria, ezinokubangela isifo sesibetho esaziwa njenge-gastroenteritis.
Kumashishini kuye kwenzeka ukuqaphela kunye nokufunda ukuba abasebenzi abaliqela abatyhilelwe kule asidi babulewe ngumhlaza wemiphunga obangelwa yi-hydrochloric acid efanayo.
Uninzi lweengozi eziqhelekileyo
Kukho imingcipheko emininzi enokuthi ivele xa udibana naluphi na uhlobo ngehydrochloric acid, enokuthi ngokuthi uyihogele, uyiginye, okanye unxibelelane namehlo okanye ulusu, oluya kuchazwa ngezantsi.
Iingozi inhalation
Ukuvezwa ngokuphefumla kuhlala kuchaphazela inkqubo yokuphefumla, kwaye ngokungagqibekanga inkqubo yokuphefumla, ebangela izifo ezinje nge-bronchitis ebukhali, ukubola okukhulu kwendlela yokuphefumla, kunye nokucaphuka kwendlela yokuphefumla.
Ukuze ulwe neempawu ezibangelwe kukuvezwa kwesi sakhi, kufuneka kuqala uqaphele ubunzulu balo mbandela, umzekelo kwelinye lawona matyala mabi xa umntu ochaphazelekayo enesifo sokubanjwa kukuphefumla, kubalulekile ukwenza ukuvuselelwa kwe-cardiopulmonary okanye yaziwa ngcono njenge-CPR, kwaye kwiimeko ezizolileyo, umntu ochaphazelekayo kufuneka asiwe kwindawo enomoya omtsha, igcinwe kubushushu obungagungqiyo kwaye igcinwe ithe cwaka ngokupheleleyo.
Umngcipheko wamehlo
Ukuvezwa kwamalungu abonakalayo kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu kubo, kwaye ngokungagqibekanga kwimpilo ebonakalayo yomntu, kuba banokuba nesifo sokudumba kwiso, ukucaphuka kwamehlo kunye nokucaphuka kwempumlo, okunokukhokelela kwisilonda esineempumlo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu i-necrosis emehlweni, oko kuthetha ukuba iiseli zemithambo yamehlo ziqala ukonakala zife.
Ukunyanga iimpawu, okanye ukuziveza ngokwakho kwihydrochloric acid, umntu obhencekileyo kufuneka aqale inkqubo yokuhlamba amehlo ngamanzi amaninzi, le nkqubo kufuneka ihlale imizuzu eli-15 ubuncinci. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ungadibanisi iklorin konke konke, okanye ubhenceke kuyo emva kwehydrochloric acid.
Iingozi kulusu
Ulusu olunengxaki yokuba sesichengeni okanye ukusondela kwalo kungakhokelela kulusu, kunye nokutsha kakhulu kwizikhumba, kunye nezilonda.
Ukunyanga umntu okhathazwe kukuvezwa yi-hydrochloric acid eluswini, zonke iimpahla kufuneka zisikwe kwaye zisuswe, kubandakanya ibhulukhwe, ihempe, izihlangu, iikawusi, phakathi kwabanye, kwaye emva koko uhlambe kakuhle indawo echaphazelekayo ubuncinci imizuzu engama-20. .
Ukungenisa umngcipheko
Owona mngcipheko uqhelekileyo emva kokungeniswa kwale khompawundi sisifo sokuqaqanjelwa sisisu, ukudumba kwesisu, i-necrosis yezihlunu zesisu kunye nezitho ezikufuphi, isifo sokopha esiswini kunye nokutsha kwesisu.
Ukuze unyange kwaye uncede umntu ophethwe kukuvezwa kolu hlobo, ekunokuthiwa lolona lubalulekileyo, kuba lungena emzimbeni, kukwenzela ukuba asele isixa esikhulu samanzi, okanye ubisi, kwaye angaze , naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko kufuneka kwenziwe ukugabha.
iphepha elihle kwaye liluncedo kakhulu, enkosi! 😉
Enkosi ngokusifunda! 🙂