Ubomi kwiplanethi buxhomekeke kwiseti yobudlelwane apho kukho ukuhamba ngokungaqhelekanga kolwazi kunye nokutshintshiselana okuqhubekayo kwemicimbi namandla. Imicimbi yiyo yonke into enobunzima kwaye ihlala kwindawo emajukujukwini, yenziwe zii-atom, ezizezona yunithi zincinci ziyenzayo. Izinto eziphilayo, amanzi, iinkwenkwezi, yonke into esirhangqileyo yenziwe ziiathom.
Iyantlukwano yezinto zamachiza inikwa luhlobo lweentlobo zeeathom. Uhlobo ngalunye lweathom lwenza into eyahlukileyo yemichiza. Okwangoku izinto eziyimichiza ezili-105 ziyaziwa, ezingama-84 zazo zifumaneka ngokwendalo kwaye ezinye ziveliswe ngendlela engeyiyo kwiilebhu.
Njengoko besesitshilo, indalo yenziwa ngumcimbi, kwaye yonke into ephilayo ngoko ke yenziwe ngumbandela, wona wona owenziwe ziiathom kwaye ezi zenza iziqalelo. Izinto ezenza imicimbi ephilayo zaziwa ngegama leeBioelements, zona zona zihlelwa ngokokuba zibalulekile okanye azibalulekanga ebomini: kwii-bioelements zaseprayimari nakwiibioelements zesekondari
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ebomini
Ii-Bioelement zasePrayimari zezi zinto zeekhemikhali zibalulekileyo, ezikhoyo kwimiba ephilayo, kwiiseli, izicwili, amalungu kunye neenkqubo ezenza ukuba zivele kwezona zilula ziye kwezona zinzima. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, yonke into, ngokubanzi, nokuba iyaphila okanye ayiphili, yenziwe zii-atom, kwaye yonke into eyenziwayo yohlobo olunye kuphela lwee-athomu yaziwa njenge-element, iziqalelo, ezaziwa kude kube ngoku, zi-105.
Kumgaqo-siseko wezinto eziphilayo sinokufumana ubuncinci ama-70 eekhemikhali ezizinzileyo, phantse zonke izinto ezikhoyo kwiplanethi, zisuse iigesi ezintle. Malunga namashumi alithoba anethoba eepesenti (99%) yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo, ubukhulu becala, iiseli zenziwe zezi zinto zintandathu: iCarbon (C), i-hydrogen (H2), ioksijini (O2), I-nitrogen (uN2); I-Phosphorus (P) kunye neSalfure (S) zezona zininzi kakhulu kulo mbandela siyaphila esiyifumana kumphezulu womhlaba. Zibizwa ngokuba zii-bioelements kuba ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko osisiseko okanye ophambili wezinto eziphilayo.
Iindidi zezinto eziphilayo
Ngokubhekisele ekubeni ingaba bayinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo wee-biomolecules zezinto eziphilayo, ii-Bioelements zingahlelwa zibe: zii-bioelements zokuqala kunye ne-bioelements yesibini.
IiBioelements zokuqala
Zonke zizinto eziphilayo eziyinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo wezinto eziphilayo, kuba ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekwakheni i-biomolecules yezinto eziphilayo: iiprotheni, i-carbohydrate, i-lipids kunye ne-nucleic acids. Zenza into ephilayo net: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H2), ioksijini (O2), I-nitrogen (uN2); I-Phosphorus (P) kunye neSalfure (S).
Ikhabhoni (C)
Es icandelo elisisiseko kuzo zonke iimolekyuli eziphilayo, livela kuwo onke amatyathanga njengamathambo anika ifom kunye nokusebenza kwii-biomolecule eziphilayo. Zonke iikhompawundi eziphilayo zenziwe ngeetyathanga zekhabhoni ezenza iibhondi nezinye izinto okanye iikhompawundi.
Inee-elektroni ezine kwigobolondo layo elingaphandle kwaye zinokwenza iibhondi ezidibeneyo kunye nezinye iikhabhoni ezivumela ukuba zenze amatyathanga amade eeathom (macromolecules). Ezi bhondi zinokungatshati, ziphindwe kabini okanye zibe zithathu. Banokuzibophelela kwii-radicals ezahlukeneyo ezenziweyo ngezinto (-H, = O, -OH, -NH2, -SH, H2PO4) phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukwenzela ukuba ikwazi ukuyila inani elikhulu leemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo, ezinokuthi zingenelele kubuninzi beempendulo zamachiza, kwaye ke zithathe ithuba lokwahlukahlukana okukhoyo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Ikhabhon yinto ebalulekileyo kwizilwanyana nakwizityalo. Yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemolekyuli yeswekile, icarbohydrate ebalulekileyo yokwenza iinkqubo ezinje ngokuphefumla; Ungenelela nakwifotosinthesisi ngohlobo lwe-CO2 (umoya omdaka).
Ikhabhoni ikwayinxalenye yesinye imacromolecule eyimfuneko ebomini, ye-DNA, le molekyuli inenkcazelo yemfuza enika umntu ngamnye iimpawu ezingezizo ezakhe, ze zona zisetyenziswe ngumzimba ukuphindaphinda nokuthumela olo lwazi inzala yabo
IHydrogen
I-Hydrogen, kunye neoksijini, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezinto eziphilayo. Kwimeko yeelinye lipids, zibonisa kuphela iiathom zekhabhon kunye nehydrogen kumgaqo-siseko wazo. Ion ye-elektrononi ene i-athomu ye-hydrogen kwindawo yayo yokugqibela, Ikuvumela ukuba umisele ngokulula iibhondi kunye nayo nayiphi na i-bioelements ephambili.
Ubambiswano oludibeneyo olwenzeka phakathi kwekhabhoni kunye nehydrogen lomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba luzinze, kodwa alunamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuluthintela ekuhlukaniseni kwaye ke luvumele ukuhlanganiswa kwezinye iimolekyuli. Iimolekyuli ezenziweyo, kuphela yi-hydrogen kunye nekhabhoni, zidibana nepolar (ayinyibiliki emanzini).
I-Oxigen
Ioksijini yeyona nto iphambili kuzo zonke ii-Bioelements eziphambili, kwaye xa idibana ne-hydrogen, itsala kuphela i-electron yayo, evela kwizibonda zombane, ke ii-radicals -OH, -CHO, kunye ne-COOH zii-radical radar. Xa ezi radicals zitshintsha ezinye ii-hydrogens zetyathanga lekhabhoni kunye neehydrogens ezifana neswekile (C6H12O6) zivelise iimolekyuli njengamanzi anyibilikayo kulwelo olupholileyo.
Ioksijini, ngenxa ye-electronegativity, inesakhono sokutsala ii-elektroni kwezinye iiathom. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukwaphuka kweebhondi kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla amakhulu. Iimpawu zekhabhoni kunye neoksijini, phendula ngantoni yaziwa ngokuba kukuphefumla i-aerobic, kwaye yindlela eqhelekileyo yokufumana amandla. Enye indlela yokufumana amandla kukuvumba, oku kuncitshisiwe ukusukela oko ulwelwe kunye nezityalo, ngefotosinthesisi, zaqala ukuvelisa ioksijini yomoya wokuqala.
Inkqubo igcwala yeekhompawundi zebhayoloji yenziwa ngokuthabatha iiathom zehydrojeni kwiiathom zekhabhon. Ioksijini, ekubeni ine-electronegative ngakumbi, inamandla amakhulu kwi-hydrogen electron kunakwicarbon electron, yiyo loo nto ikwazi ukuyenza.
Ke, amanzi ayenziwa, kunye ne-hydrogen kunye neoksijini, kwaye isixa esikhulu samandla siyakhutshwa izinto eziphilayo ezizisebenzisayo. Njengoko i-athomu yekhabhoni iqala ukwabelana nge-electron kunye ne-hydrogen, ngokwabelana ngee-elektroni ezimbalwa kunye neoksijini, ifumana ilahleko yee-elektroni, oko kukuthi, iyidibanisa.
Initrogen
I-nitrojeni yinto engama-78% inxalenye yomoya. Ikwayinto ebalulekileyo yeeproteni ze-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), linoxanduva lokuhambisa abalinganiswa belifa kubazali baye ebantwaneni. I-DNA ikhona kuzo zonke iiseli zomzimba, kungoko ukubaluleka kwe-nitrogen kwizinto eziphilayo.
Ngokubanzi, i-nitrogen ayinakungeniswa ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa njengenxalenye yezinye iikhompawundi ezinje nge-nitrate, i-nitrites okanye i-ammonium compounds equlathe yona. Phambi kokuba isetyenziswe zizinto eziphilayo, initrogen kufuneka ihambe ngamanqanaba aliqela:
- I-Amonification, inkqubo ethi i-nitrogen iguqulwe ibe yi-ammonia.
- I-nitrification equka ukuguqula i-ammonia kwii-nitrites kunye ne-nitrate.
- Inkqubo yokulungiswa apho i-nitrogen idlula kwiinkqubo ezininzi ukuze ibe yi-nitrite okanye i-nitrate, zombini izinto ezinokusetyenziswa zizidalwa eziphilayo
I-nitrojeni ifumaneka kwiiamino acid, oko kukuthi, kwiimolekyuli ezenza iiproteni, ezenza amaqela eamino (-NH2) kunye nakwiziseko ze-nitrogenous ze-nucleic acid. I-nitrojeni yeyona gesi ininzi emoyeniNgaphandle koku, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakwaziyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kuyo. Phantse yonke i-nitrogen efakwe kwizinto eziphilayo zi-algae kunye nezityalo zithathwa ngendlela ye-nitrate ion (NH3).
I-nitrojeni kulula kakhulu ukwenza iikhompawundi zombini i-hydrogen (NH3) njengakwioksijini (NO-), evumela ukuba idlule isuka kolunye uhlobo iye kolunye, ngaloo ndlela ikhuphe amandla.
Isalfure Njengengxenye yeprotheni ebalulekileyo ye-amino acid, iivithamini kunye neehomoni ezibalulekileyo, isalfure ibalulekile ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni.
Isalfure imele i-0.25% yobunzima bomzimba wethu, oku kuthetha ukuba umzimba wabantu abadala oqhelekileyo une-170g yesalfure, uninzi lwawo lufumaneka kwiiamino acid. Isalfure yinxalenye ye-bile acid, eyimfuneko yokwetyisa kunye nokufunxwa kwamafutha. Inceda ukugcina ulusu olusempilweni, iinwele kunye neenzipho kwaye inendima ebalulekileyo ekwakhiweni kwezicubu. Isalfure ngokubanzi ikhona kwimifuno enje ngeradish, iminqathe, iimveliso zobisi, itshizi, ukutya kwaselwandle kunye nenyama.
Umdlalo
Ubungakanani be-phosphorus ekhoyo kwi-atmosfera ayibalulekanga. Olona vimba lukhulu lwephosphorus lufumaneka kwiintsika zaselwandle. Imihlaba iyakha, ngokokubaluleka kwayo Indawo yesibini yokugcina yendalo ye-phosphorus. Singayifumana kuqweqwe lomhlaba njengenxalenye yezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yefuthe lemozulu yemichiza, iifosfathi zikhutshwa kwimbiwa, iyanyibilika kwaye ithuthwa ngamanzi.
Icandelo lephosphate precipitates, ikakhulu ngohlobo lwe-calcium phosphate, kwaye enye indawo ifikelela elwandle, apho inani elikhulu le-phosphorus liqokelela khona, elenza imigibe ekuthiwa yiphosphorus.
I-Phosphorus ngohlobo lwe iphosphate yendalo, ibaluleke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo ukusukela:
- Elinye lamacandelo e-nucleic acid (i-RNA kunye ne-DNA, eyenza izinto zemvelo zezinto eziphilayo
- Ifunyanwa njengenxalenye ye-adenosine triphosphate, ephantse ibe ngumthombo wamandla eselfowuni kwinto ephilayo.
- Ngenye yezinto zamathambo.