Yazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu eziphambili zesayensi

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zesayensi kukuba xa isiza ekusetyenzisweni kwayo, yinkqubo, yohlalutyo, eyinyani, eneemfuno ezizodwa, ngokubanzi, ngendlela, yokuqokelela, yethutyana, eqinisekisiweyo nevulekileyo.

Inzululwazi yaziwa njengoluhlu lolwazi olusetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kwisifundo okanye kuphando ofuna ukukwenza, usebenzisa indlela yesayensi.

Enkosi ngokusetyenziswa kwesayensi ekufumaneni nasekucaciseni amathandabuzo athe avela kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, umntu ukwazile ukuphuma kwezo nkolelo zakudala zobugqi, ukufumana intsingiselo esengqiqweni kwizinto, ezineziseko kunye neziseko.

Oku kunamasebe aliqela, kuba zininzi iindawo apho kusetyenziswa khona indlela yesayensi, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba ezinye zeempawu eziphambili zesayensi ziyasetyenziswa, kuba ezi ziziseko zalo lonke uphando lwezenzululwazi ofuna ukuzenza.

Isetyenziselwa ukucacisa yonke loo mibuzo ingakwazanga ukuyiphendula, ngokusekwe kwiimodeli ezilungelelaniswe ngokungqongqo, apho kukho indlela yokusombulula ingxaki, kunye nezisombululo ezinokubakho, ukuze ifikelele kuzo ihlala kwezi ndlela zobuqili.

• Ukudalwa kweemodeli: Isekwe ekwakheni iimeko ezinokubakho ezifanayo nezendalo apho kuqhutywa khona isifundo, kusetyenziswa iimeko ezinokuthi zixelele okanye zinike iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zophando.

• Isicatshulwa: Kuxa umntu ophantsi kophando ekwazile ukufumana isiqinisekiso sento ayenzileyo, nangona oku engekabinakho ukuqinisekiswa ngummeli wangaphandle.
• Iingcamango: eziyinkolelo zohlobo oluthile esele zenziwe ngokubanzi, kwaye zikwazile ukoyisa imiqobo yokuqinisekiswa ebekwe yinzululwazi, ikwazile ukuziqinisa ngokunyanzelwa.

Isazinzulu kufuneka sibe nazo zonke iimpawu zesayensi ukuze sikwazi ukusebenzisa ngendlela echanekileyo, kuba ukuba umntu oyenzayo akayifezekisi loo migaqo, uyakuba uyasilela kwimithetho ebekiweyo yokuseka nayiphi na idatha njengeyinyani, kwaye ayizukucinga ngomsebenzi ewenzileyo okanye ewenzileyo.

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zesayensi, ezithi, kwezinye, kusetyenziswe idatha yemathematika, kwaye kwezinye idatha esekwe kuphando lwasendle, ziyinyani, nangona zonke zisekwe ekufuneni i-hypothesis kunye nokuzama ukuyivavanya nokuyivavanya.

Ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo kwezenzululwazi

Emva kokwazi okuncinci malunga nokuba yintoni na inzululwazi, kwaye kufuneka isetyenziswe njani, iimpawu ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa kusenziwa uphando okanye umsebenzi wobunzululwazi kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, zezi zilandelayo:

Kufuneka ibe yinkqubo

Inzululwazi inenkqubo yayo yokusebenza, ekufuneka yenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo ukusebenzisa indlela yesayensi, olu hlobo lolwazi lukhule ngokuhambelana kuyo yonke imbali yokufunda kunye nophando lomntu.

Olu hlobo lokuqiqa okucwangcisiweyo ludala imibuzo ephelela ekubeni yiparadigms okanye ithiyori, ekwaziyo ukuqonda imibuzo ebalulekileyo ebuzwe luluntu ukusukela oko yaqalwa.

Isebe ngalinye lenzululwazi lineempawu zalo, kunye nenkqubo yalo, oko kuthetha ukuba ezi zinokwahlulwa, nangona ekugqibeleni, zisekwe kwimigaqo efanayo ukumisela uphando lwabo.

Uhlalutyo

Ezona ndlela zisisiseko kwezenzululwazi, kunokubonwa ubunzima obukhulu, ke olu phawu kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngokungqongqo ngoososayensi, kuba uhlalutyo olukhulu lweemeko kunye neendawo ezibangqongileyo ziyafuneka ukuze zikwazi ukusombulula iingxaki.

Uhlalutyo luchazwa njengophando lweempawu okanye iimpawu zayo nayiphi na into, ukwahlulahlulahlula ukuze ube nokuqonda okungcono ngokusebenza kwayo.

Ke isayensi iyalusebenzisa olu mgangatho kulo lonke uphando lwayo, kuba nkqu neenkcukacha ezincinci zeengxelo zengxaki kufuneka zaziwe, ukuze kufunyanwe izisombululo ezinokubakho, kude kufike ukufikelela kweyona nto ibambekayo, ukuze ikwazi ukungqinisisa.

Yinyani

Xa usebenzisa ulwazi lwenzululwazi, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ezi zisekwe kwidatha echanekileyo ethe yanokungqinelana okuthile okanye ineempawu ezithile ezibonisa ukuba ziyinyani.

Akufanele ukhokelwe yidatha engaqinisekiswanga, izimvo okanye uqikelelo, kuba ezi zinokubangela iziphumo ezibi xa usebenzisa indlela yesayensi, kuba ezi zinokuba zibubuxoki.

Ezizodwa

Ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu womxholo onokuphandwa kwaye kufundwe, inzululwazi inesidingo sokwahlulwa ngokwamasebe ahlukeneyo, ekufuneka izazinzulu zigxile kuwo, ke oko kugxile kwindawo enye kuphela yokufumana iziphumo ezingcono zophando.

Phakathi kobuchwephesha unokufumana zonke iintlobo zamasebe, ukusuka kufundo lobomi, ukuya kufundo lweemolekyuli ezenzayo, zibanzi kakhulu ngenxa yemibuzo emikhulu evela kwaye ivele kwiingcinga zoluntu.

Jikelele

Iinyani ezishiya lonke ulwazi lwenzululwazi zihlelwe ngokubanzi, zisebenza njengomzekelo wabo bonke, zisebenza kunye nangona ulwalathiso lwabo lubekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokwenza

Ngexesha lokuqhuba kophando, izazinzulu kufuneka zisebenzise indlela yokusebenza, kuba olu hlobo lomsebenzi, nokuba leliphi na isebe, lilungile kwaye lifuna ukuba, kusetyenziswe iindlela ezichanekileyo.

Lo mgangatho ubandakanya indlela ekhankanyiweyo yesayensi, ongomnye wemithetho ephambili esebenzayo xa uqhuba naluphi na uhlobo lwesayensi.

Iyenyuka

Ukuze kuveliswe ithiyori, kufuneka kulandelwe inkqubo ethile, efanayo kakhulu nokwakhiwa kodonga, ukubeka izitena ngezitena ukuwugqiba.

Ulwazi ngalunye olutsha olufunyenwe kuphando oluthile luyaqulunqwa, emva koko zonke zisetyenziswa kunye njengesiqwenga solwazi, ngaphakathi koku nohlalutyo lungena, kuba zonke iziqwenga zahlulwe ngenxalenye ngenxalenye ukuziqonda ngcono, emva koko zibekwe kunye kunye nokwenza ii-hypotheses zakho.

Ngethuba

Inzululwazi kufuneka ibe yendalo eguqukayo, ke ngoko akukho ngxelo kufuneka ithathwe njengengxelo yokugqibela, kuba kunokuhlala kukho utshintsho ngenxa yokunqongophala kophando okanye utshintsho olubangelwa kukuhamba kwexesha.

Kuqinisekisiwe

Lonke ixesha kusetyenziswa ulwazi lwezenzululwazi, kufuneka luthembeke kwaye luqinisekiswe, ngophando kunye novavanyo olulawula ukuchaza njengeyinyani nayiphi na idatha enokufunyanwa.

Vula

Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zesayensi kukuba akuvumelekanga ukwenza izithintelo kulwazi lwayo, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinye izithintelo ziyakwenziwa, kwixa elizayo zinokwaphulwa, ngenxa yesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuqonda ukusebenza kunye Isizathu sayo nayiphi na into okanye into engaphakathi okanye ngaphandle komhlaba.

Umzekelo omkhulu yindlela eziye zaphuhliswa ngayo izifundo ngendalo iphela, ukuba kumaxesha angaphambili, bekungaziwa ukuba umhlaba ubunokuba mkhulu kangangokuba ubenendawo emva kwesibhakabhaka somhlaba.

Ngexesha lokufaka zonke ezi mpawu, umntu uya kuqhubeka ngokuchanekileyo xa esebenzisa indlela yesayensi nakoluphi na uphando okanye umsebenzi, oya kuthi uzise iziphumo ezilungileyo kubo, enkosi kwinto yokuba ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zibaluleke kakhulu koku .

Inzululwazi luphononongo lwayo yonke into ejikeleze umntu, kwaye ukuba nje kukho imibuzo malunga nokuba kutheni nokuba kutheni ngayo nantoni na, iya kuqhubeka ukubakhona ukuzama ukusombulula iingxaki eziphakanyisiweyo.