Mhlawumbi ixesha lokugqibela uvile kunye / okanye ulisebenzise eli gama bekuphikisana neqabane lakho, nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwalo akulinganiselwanga kuloo tirade incinci malunga nokuba ngubani omele ukuhlamba izitya. Umntu obhinqileyo, lelo bhinqa lilwayo elilelona linoburharha obukhoyo ngoku, kwaye eli gama lalisaziwa ngummemezeli waseMelika u-Rush Limbaugh, owathi ngenkqubo kanomathotholo wavakalisa uluvo lwakhe ngokubhekisele kwisikhundla esathathwa kukuthanda kwabantu ababhinqileyo ngokuchasene nokuqhomfa.
Eli gama lenziwa ligama elihlangeneyo, elinxibelelana nezenzo zobufazi ezifuna ukuthoba inani lomntu ngendlela ethobekileyo, kwaye libhekisa kwizenzo zokuthotywa isidima kunye nokungabi nabuntu kwabavukeli beqela leSocialist Party (amaNazi) kubantu abangamaJuda. Nangona abanye becinga ukuba oku kukuthelekisa okubaxiweyo, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi kuyenzeka, nangona kunjalo, akunakuphikiswa ukuba abafazi abathile badlula imida esengqiqweni ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo, nakwidabi lokuwisa ingcinezelo yamadoda; ke ngoko bathanda ukuzibandakanya kwizenzo zengcinezelo ngokuchasene nabesini esahlukileyo.
Ukusuka kumabhinqa ukuya kubasetyhini
Ubufazi yintshukumo ethe yavela njengophawu lwesidingo seqela labasetyhini ukwenza utshintsho kuluntu kwindlela yalo yokuqonda yendima yesini, kokubini kwezopolitiko, kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho nakwinkcubeko.
Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwentsingiselo ethi "ubufazi" kuqatshelwe kupapasho lwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, yayingumbhali u-Alejandro Dumas Jr., owathi wakuphumeza ukubonisa ukungavumelani kwakhe nesikhundla esivunyiweyo, esamkelwa ngamanye amacandelo angamadoda, ngesicelo sokuba amalungelo athile ayamkelwa kwabasetyhini, njengokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-suffrage kunye nokusebenza kumacandelo ahlukeneyo abo babesekwe njenge "Imisebenzi yabasetyhini", nanjengoko babengoomatshini bokuchwetheza kunye nokuhamba. Njengesampulu, yokuba isidingo sotshintsho siqale ukungqinelana, yonke imihla ngamandla amakhulu, kwabasetyhini, sibonakalisiwe kwisibhengezo sikaOlimpia de Gouges (1791), kumalungelo abasetyhini nabemi, apho aqinisekisayo ukuba amalungelo endalo ayencitshiswa yingcinezelo yomntu, awayecela ukuba le meko ihlaziywe ngokwemithetho yendalo kunye nokuqiqa; Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ncwadi yamzisela ukufa kwi-guillotine. Elinye igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lotshintsho lwesini lanikwa ngo-1792 nguMary Wollstonecraft, owabhala "Ukuqinisekiswa kwamalungelo abantu basetyhini", ephakamisa iimfuno ezingaqhelekanga zelo xesha: amalungelo oluntu alinganayo, ezopolitiko, amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nemfundo. ilungelo lokuqhawula umtshato njengesigqibo simahla samaqela. Nangona kunjalo, de kwangunyaka we-1880, xa umlingane ongumFrentshi uHubertine Auclert, wayinika intsingiselo ngelixesha eliya kuthi lithandwe kule minyaka izayo, kwaye iyakuba ngumbutho wentlalo ngenjongo yokuma kwabasetyhini kuzo zonke. iindawo apho umntu akhule khona.
Kunokuthiwa umzabalazo wabasetyhini uqala ukuvelisa iziphumo zokwenyani, ukusuka kuphuhliso lwe Uvukelo lwaseFranceUkusukela kule ntshukumo kuye kwathatyathwa izakhiwo ezitsha zentlalo, imveliso yeembono ezilinganayo kunye nezo ziqiqayo ezondla iziqubulo zayo, nezikhokelele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwiimeko ezintsha zokusebenza. Enye intshukumo ekhuthaze ukulungiswa kweendima ezenziwa ngabafazi kuluntu KwiShishini loPhuculo, eyandisa icandelo lezabasebenzi, ikhuthaza ukufakwa kwabasetyhini kwimisebenzi emitsha
Impumelelo yobufazi
Umbutho wabasetyhini, ufumene Ukophula imithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha, kwaye ayinantsingiselo, ekhokelele kububanzi beengcinga zoluntu ngokubanzi; Kodwa ngaphezulu kwako konke, kwabakho utshintsho kumbono ababenawo abafazi babo, abathi kude kube ngoku babephila ubomi obuthintelweyo, bebambelele kumasiko alondolozo elo xesha, apho kwiindima zabo balinganiselwe kuthando lokuzincama Ikhaya, abafazi noomama, abathi ngamanye amaxesha basebenze kwimisebenzi engaphandle kwekhaya ukufaka igalelo kuqoqosho losapho, le misebenzi ayinazo izibonelelo ezifanayo nezo zinanditshwa lilungu lendoda, kuba bengabafazi, yayithathwa njengezinto eziphantsi zomsebenzi, kwaye yayiqhelekile kwiindawo zomsebenzi, ukwahlukana ngokwesondo kwenzeka, okunxulumene nenkolelo yokuba kukho umohluko kumandla kunye nengqondo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini, okuthe kwabangela ukuba imisebenzi ethile okanye imisebenzi yenziwa kuphela ngomnye wabafana, Amadoda ngabo ababephethe imisebenzi benodumo olukhulu ekuhlaleni, ngelixa abafazi babenqunyelwe l ikhaya kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Phakathi kweyona mpumelelo ibalaseleyo yale ntshukumo zezi:
- Ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-suffrage.
- Ukubanakho ukufikelela kwimfundo ephakamileyo (eyunivesithi).
- Ukucinezelwa kocalucalulo kwimisebenzi ngenxa yenqanaba labasetyhini.
- Umvuzo olungileyo kwaye uhambelana nomsebenzi owenziweyo.
- Inkululeko ngokwesondo.
- Ilungelo lokucela uqhawulo-mtshato.
- Ingxelo yobundlobongela obuqondene namanina.
- Ukusebenza kwiofisi yezopolitiko.
Njengengxenye yeminyaka yomzabalazo, ubufazi babumba kwakhona indima yabasetyhini ekuhlaleni, nangona kunjalo Kutheni le nto intshukumo iqhubekile nje ukuba ezi nguqu zifezekisiwe?
Umzabalazo wokubandakanywa, kunye notshintsho lweparadigm yentlalo, kwazisa inkcaso kuluntu olulondolozayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwabasetyhini lwangcungcuthekiswa kwaye lwabulawa, kumzamo olambathayo wokuncothula iingcamango zenkululeko ababeziphethe ngenxa yoloyiko, ngaphandle kwako konke oku Izenzo zengcinezelo, akukho nto inokumisa ikhosi yento eyayisenzeka kwindaleko kwezentlalo. Nje ukuba iinjongo zifezekisiwe, ubufazi buqhubekekile, buziguqula bube yintshukumo enkulu. Nangona oku kuqhutyelwa phambili, nokuzinikela ukonwabela iimeko ezintsha zokulingana esekwe, elinye icandelo, elibambelele kwinzondo, lenze isikhundla ukuziphindezela, kunye nesimo sengqondo sobutshaba emadodeni, abathi ngelinye ixesha banoxanduva lokubandezeleka ngokwesini sabo. Ngale ndlela kuvela ubufazi, uhlobo lomfazi ofana nento eyindoda eyindoda ngelinye ixesha.
Iimpawu zobufazi
Ngelishwa, iingqondi ezininzi zichaze ubufazi obunamandla, obubizwa ngokuba yi-feminazi, ehambelana nengcinga yangoku yangoku, njengoko "Enye yeefashoni ezingacacanga nezingenamsebenzi kule minyaka idlulileyo"Ukusukela oko, njengoko kusekwe ngabo, kufezekisile inani elikhulu labalandeli, abathi, bebeka bucala konke ukucinga okunzulu, babambelela kwizilogeni ezingekho semthethweni, kuba izizathu zomzabalazo wabo kunye namabango afezekiswa kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ngelixa kuyinyani ukuba, ngokungakhethi cala, uninzi lwezenzo zobufazi ezibalaseleyo ziyabashenxisa kude neenjongo zabo, akunakuphikwa ukuba ubufazi budlale indima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni indima ngakumbi ngokuhambelana namandla abasetyhini. Njengomntu, nangona kunjalo, ukwenza radicalization kukhokelele uninzi lwabasetyhini ukuba lwenze into ngokuchasene namadoda, abathi bona ngokwabo bavakalise ukungamkelwa xa bephunyezwa ngokuchasene nesini sabo. Phakathi kweempawu zobufazi esinokuthiya ngazo:
Ukhatywa komntu oyindoda
Indoda ichazwa njengomntu okhohlakeleyo nongenanceba, izenzo zakhe zibonisa ingozi kwintembeko yabasetyhini. Kule meko, onke amadoda amkela indima eyindlala, ngelixa abasetyhini bekhulelwa njengamaxhoba engcinezelo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamadoda. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kolu luvo kukuba, kwiimeko ezigqithileyo, abasetyhini bahlala bathanda ukubala abantwana babo abangamadoda njengabaya kuba yingozi kwimpilo-ntle yabo.
Luphawu lobufazi, intiyo emntwini ngaphandle kwesizathu, yimvakalelo engenasizathu, esekwe kwizenzo zangaphambili, ekunokwenzeka ukuba babengekho phantsi kwazo.
Ukulingana kwamadoda kwimisebenzi ebonakalayo
"Singayenza", yayileli binzana elithathwa ngabafazi njengesiqubulo semodeli yabo yezentlalo, apho umntu akhawulwa khona njengongenamsebenzi, ngaphandle kwendima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso loluntu. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuncitshisiwe kwigalelo leseli lesini samadoda (isidoda), kubalulekile ukunika ukuqhubeka kuhlobo. Ixhotyiswe sesi siqubulo, umfazi waseFeminazi uyabongozwa ukuba aphuhlise imisebenzi ebikulungele kuphela isini sendoda, njengoko iyimisebenzi yomzamo womzimba wexesha elide kunye / okanye efuna ukusetyenziswa okungagungqiyo kwamandla.
Ukuba "singayenza" isimema ukuba sishiye iiparadigms ezivelisa umda ngokusekwe kwisini.
Isimilo nokunxiba kwendoda
Ngokuchonga amadoda njengohlobo olugqithisileyo lokulawula kunye namandla, uninzi lwaba bafazi luthanda ukwamkela isinxibo kunye nembeko efana neyamadoda. Ngu meta-myalezo, ohamba kunye nezenzo zabo, ezijolise ekunciphiseni umxholo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwamadoda ngaphakathi kuluntu. Kwakhona, kwizenzo zesondo, ngezinto eziyilelwe loo njongo, umfazi unokuthatha indima yobudoda.
Ukuphakanyiswa okungenangqondo komfazi
Ngokuphakanyiswa okungenangqondo, okuchukumisa umda wonqulo-zithixo, lomzimba wabasetyhini kunye neempawu zalo. Umxholo ophambili kwesi sihloko ngamanzi omzimba, athi ngokutsho kwaba bafazi abe yinto yokugculelwa kunye nengcinezelo yamadoda.
Uqhanqalazo lwala maqela abantu basetyhini, nalapho, njengenyathelo lokwaliwa, phambi kwengcinezelo yoosolusapho, bagqibe kwelokuba babonise umhlaba ukuba sexesheni kwabo ukuze bazikhulule kumaqhina ezesini, nakwimeko ehambelana nale nkqubo yendalo. Oku kwenziwa liqela labasetyhini baseSpain kumboniso woluntu, apho, benxibe iimpahla ezimhlophe, abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa ukuphuma kwabo exesheni. Ezi ntlobo zemiboniso zisasazekile, ke zenziwe ngamagcisa aseChile naseArgentina, athe amisela amanqanaba ngomxholo ofanayo, apho ulwelo lomzimba lusetyenziswa njengendawo yokuzingca, umqondiso wokufezekiswa kolingano. . Intshukumo ukopha simahla, uchasene nokusetyenziswa kwamanwele acocekileyo xa esexesheni.
Ukuchaswa kwimisinga yonqulo
Ukuthatha inkolo njengenkxaso yenkcubeko yamadoda, kunye nokubonisa ukwaliwa kweemfundiso ezicinezela abantu ababhinqileyo, bezithathela ingqalelo njengesono.
Abona baphambili bentshukumo yabasetyhini
UAndrea Dworkin
Wayengumbhali waseMelika owayelilwela ubufazi. Izihloko eziphambili ekugxilwe kuzo ngumzabalazo wabo: iphonografi, i-pedophilia kunye nesondo njengemodeli yokuqinisekiswa kwakhona kwamandla oosolusapho. Ingcambu yentiyo yakhe emadodeni ibangelwa kukuphathwa gadalala ngutata kunye nomyeni wakhe wokuqala.
Wazinzisa kwinqaku ukuba kutheni ubufazi babuchasene nemifanekiso engamanyala, kwaye isizathu sancitshiswa saya, Kwezi zixhobo zokumamela, kuyachazwa ukuba abasetyhini bayathanda ukuphathwa gadalala, ukunyanzelwa nokuphathwa gadalala; ukuthumela umyalezo wokuba abafazi bathi hayi, kodwa bafuna ukuthi ewe.
URobin morgan
Ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-60, igalelo lakhe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kuyeyona nto iphambili kumbutho wabasetyhini, kuba wayengumsunguli weentshukumo ezininzi, kwaye ethatha inxaxheba kuqhanqalazo oluninzi.
UValerie Solanas
Umbhali waseMelika, ofunyenwe enesifo sengqondo, uyaziwa ngokubhalwa komsebenzi: "Manifesto SCUM" (isikhohlela ligama lesiNgesi eliguqulela ubumdaka), ekuthiwa ukubhujiswa kwamadoda. UValerie uvela kwikhaya elixhaphazayo, apho wayelixhoba lokuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo nguyise.
Sheila ijeffreys
Umntu obhinqileyo ovela kumgca wokwahlula-hlula kwabasetyhini, umzabalazo wakhe ujolise kwinkxaso yentshukumo yamalungelo abantu abathandana besini esinye / amanye amalungelo okuba ngabesini esahlukileyo, njengesenzo sokuphendula ukwaliwa okuchazwe Ubukho babantu kunye isifo sokudibana kwabantu ekhaya. Ucinga ukuba indlela yokunxiba kunye neenwele ibonisa uhlobo lokungeniswa kusolusapho. Kwangokunjalo, umisela ukuba isini esithandanayo, ukujonga ngamehlo nokugqobhoza zizinto ezibonisa ubundlobongela obujoliswe koosolusapho kwabasetyhini.
Intshukumo yokopha simahla
Ukuziqhelanisa kwavela ngaphakathi kwentshukumo enkulu yabasetyhini, equka ukopha ngokukhululekileyo ngexesha lokuya exesheni. Abo bangabaxhasi balo mbutho bayakwala ukusetyenziswa kweepads kunye neetampon, bebajonga njengesiphumo soluntu oluzele ziitaboos malunga nale nkqubo yabasetyhini. Lo mkhwa wakhuthazwa ngengozi yimbaleki uKiran Gandhi, owathi, ngo-2014, iifoto zajikeleza ngegazi elinamachaphaza egazi, zibaleka kukhuphiswano lweembaleki zaseLondon. Ngaphandle kokungabi yinxalenye yentshukumo, wanyanzelisa umbono wokuba iimveliso zempilo yabasetyhini zenza into yoxinzelelo koosolusapho.
Ulawulo lomntu njengesixhobo sokukhusela
Uninzi lwabasetyhini ababeyinxalenye yale ntshukumo baphantsi kobundlongondlongo yindoda, okanye bakhulisa uvelwano kwezi zenzo. Ngokwezifundo zengqondo, abantu bathanda ukusabela kwiziganeko ezixhomisa amehlo ngokwenza iindlela zokuzikhusela, kwaye kwimeko yezi, indlela yokujongana nobundlongondlongo yayikukuphinda ubuyise umsindo wabo kuphuhliso lwentshukumo enjongo yayo ikukuhlaselwa ngqo. ukuya kwinani lendoda.
Ukusuka kule mbono, kuyaqondakala ukuba ukwenziwa radicalisation kwinto yomzabalazo wobufazi kwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa ukuba umba wobundlobongela kunye nokuphathwa gadalala akuphelelwanga kwingxaki yocalucalulo ngokwesondo, maninzi amadoda athe axhatshazwa. Ngesi sizathu, ukwenza umntu abe lutshaba, kusisusa ekunikezeni isisombululo esichanekileyo, esikhokelela ekubeni siyeke ukuxhatshazwa kunye nezenzo ezinobundlobongela ezenziwa ngabantu ngaphandle kwesini sabo.
Ubundlobongela abulwi ngobundlobongela.
Luhlobo luni lwenqaku eli, ukuthelekisa ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nobundlobongela obugqithisileyo kunye nezenzo, ngokuqinisekileyo kwiimeko ezigqithiseleyo, intshukumo elwela kakhulu amalungelo kunye nokulingana, kwaye ifuna ukulungelelanisa ukuba ixesha lilungile ... lingenakulinganiswa.
Ndicaphula, «Nangona abanye becinga ukuba oku kuthelekiso olubaxiweyo, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, akunakuphikiswa ukuba abafazi abathile bagqithisa imida enengqiqo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo ... zikhokelela kwizenzo zengcinezelo kubantu besini esahlukileyo.” Njengoko umbhali esitsho, luthelekiso olubaxiweyo, kodwa uyazama ukuyithethelela kwaye ayinxulumanise nobuNazi ngenxa yokuba amanye amafeminist ane "izenzo ezicinezelayo kubantu besini esahlukileyo" nto leyo, kufanele kuqatshelwe, akaze ayikhankanye kwinqaku lakhe. Ukubulala, ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ukuxhaphazwa kunye nazo zonke izenzo ezimbi ezingenakubalwa ezenziwa ngamaNazi zithelekisa nokugculelwa nokugxekwa abanye abafazi abanokuthi bakwenze kumadoda.
Kweli nqaku ndibona kuphela ukuxhatshazwa okulula okwenziwa ngumbhali emadodeni kwaye ezama ukunciphisa zombini intshukumo yabasetyhini kunye nokuxhatshazwa kunye nobundlobongela abafazi abaninzi abaye babandezeleka ngamabinzana afana "umcimbi wobundlobongela kunye nempatho embi ayincitshiswanga. ingxaki yocalucalulo ngokwesini, maninzi amadoda axhatshaziweyo.", kuba, ukuba wenze uphando oluthe kratya ngalo mbandela kwaye uneenjongo ezingaphezulu, ubuya kwazi ukuba umbutho awuze ukukhanyele oku kuxhatshazwa okanye ubenze bangabonakali, kodwa kunoko ixhasa loo madoda okanye amakhwenkwe athe adlula kwezi meko zilishwa ukuba enze eyawo intshukumo kwaye aphakamise amazwi awo, kodwa intshukumo yobufazi ijolise ngokukodwa kwabasetyhini, njengezinye iintshukumo ezinemiba yazo, ngoko ke zingathethi ngeengxaki ezithe kratya. ayihambelani nentshukumo yakho, le yingqiqo.
Ekugqibeleni, ndifuna ukugxininisa ukuba ezininzi "iimpawu ze-feminazi" azikho ezo ze-feminist, umbhali ofanayo uthi xa echaza ukuba umdlali u-Kiran Gandhi wayeyinxalenye yendlela ethile yokuphuma kwegazi ngokukhululekile. Ukuthi xa ibhinqa "linesimilo kunye nesinxibo samadoda" libenza babe yi-feminazis nayo yimpazamo enkulu, kuba amaxesha amaninzi kungenxa yokuthuthuzela okulula, isimbo okanye indlela ekhethwayo yokuzibonakalisa.
Ngamafutshane, kukho iimpazamo ezingenakubalwa kweli nqaku, lixhomekeke kakhulu kwaye umbhali kufuneka afunde ukuphanda aze abone "amacala amabini engqekembe".