Lunjani ulwakhiwo loncwadi lweentsomi nokubaluleka kwazo ebuntwaneni

Xa siza emhlabeni asinalo uluvo lokuba yeyiphi indlela yokuziphatha esimele ukuba nayo, yoko kuthathwa njengokulungileyo okanye okubi ngemigangatho yoluntu. Siludongwe ukuze sixonxwe.

Ukuqala ukwenza izazela zabantwana kunye nokugcina engqondweni ukuba iingqondo zabo ziyakhula kwaye konke Ulwazi kufuneka lulawulwe ngokwenza Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezenza kube lula kubo ukwamkela ulwazi, kwaveliswa ubuchule bokuthi ngokusebenzisa imizekeliso kunye neengxelo ezilula, amabali abaliswa ukuze umntwana azive echongiwe kunye namacebo, kunye nokuziphatha abakushiyayo kusebenza njengomboniso kunye nenkxaso yokukhokela indlela abaziphethe ngayo ngeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo kunye nokunceda uluntu.

Obu buchule babubizwa ngokuba ziintsomi. Umxholo uza kwandiswa ngezantsi.

Ziintoni iintsomi?

Iintsomi ngamabali, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngamabali amafutshane, izilwanyana ezinenkwenkwezi ngokubanzi ezithatha izimo zengqondo zoluntu kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi kwivesi okanye kwiprozi, bafuna amabali achaza indlela yokuziphatha nezimilo ezimbi zabantu, ukunika umyalezo okanye isimilo.

Imvelaphi yeentsomi

Iintsomi zinemvelaphi yazo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamawaka amabini eyadlulayo eMesopotamiya, ilizwe apho imifanekiso yokuqala yezilwanyana ebalisa amabali aqingqwe kumacwecwe odongwe yafunyanwa. esetyenziswa kumathala eencwadi yexesha.

Kamva eGrisi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC umbhali uHesiod wakhupha intsomi yokuqala ebhaliweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nightingale emva koko kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX uNicostrato wabhala ingqokelela yeentsomi ngeenjongo zokufunda.

Kwiminyaka kamva iRoma yayiyinxalenye yalo mbutho, xa umbhali uHoracio wabhala iikopi ezininzi kwaye UPhaedrus usebenzise ulwimi kwivesi ukuyiguqula ibe luhlobo lwemibongo.

KumaXesha Aphakathi, iintsomi zaba ngamahlaya ezilwanyana, kwaye kulapho imbongi uMaría de Francia wabhala iikopi ezingama-63. Emva kwexesha le-Renaissance, abantu abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci baqamba iincwadi zezi ntlobo zamabali.

Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, iintsomi zazilinywa kwihlabathi liphela, ukuze kamva zibe lutshintsho olukhulu kuloncwadi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX.

Ubume

Iintsomi ziindidi zoncwadi ezibandakanya:

• Abalinganiswa: ubukhulu becala izilwanyana okanye izinto ezingaphiliyo, ezithi zivele ngexesha lomxholo kwiimeko ezinzima.
• Ulwakhiwo: Bahlala beqala ngesishwankathelo esifutshane sendawo kunye neqonga, kunye neprose kunye / okanye ulwimi lweevesi, kwaye baphele ngokufundisa okanye ngokuziphatha.

• Okuqukethwe: ngesiqhelo Izihloko zokuziphatha kwabantu ziyagutyungelwa, apho ububi, umona, ikratshi ligqamile. Umsindo, ukunganyaniseki, ukubawa nokunyoluka.

• Ibali: Ngokwesiqhelo intsomi ibaliswa ngumbalisi obalisa ibali lomntu wesithathu.

Iintsomi izibonelelo

• Ukubaluleka kwesini kuxhomekeke ekukhuthazeni isimilo esihle kunye nokuziphatha kubantwana nakulutsha. Zizixhobo eziluncedo eziluncedo ekufundiseni kwaye ubakhuthaze, oku kulandelayo kunokufumaneka ekuphunyezweni kwayo kokubini ekhaya nakwiziko lemfundo:
• Ukuziphatha ukuba la mabali amafutshane ashiye afundisa abantwana kunye nolutsha ukuba baziphathe ngendlela efanelekileyo, bahlala begcina engqondweni amaxabiso wothando, ubuhlobo, ukunyaniseka, intobeko, intlonipho, ukuqonda kunye nokunye.
• Ziyakhuthaza ukucinga kunye nokukwazi ukuqiqa komntwana nolutsha.
• Ngeentsomi bafunda ukuhlonipha nokuxabisa izilwanyana, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwa ukuphathwa kakubi kwabo.
• Ngemisebenzi yolonwabo ephuculweyo kusetyenziswa ukufunda, umntwana ufunda ukunxibelelana nokwabelana nabanye, kunye nokuphuhlisa nokuthetha besebenzisa umzobo kunye nokucula.
• Bakhuthaza umdla ekufundeni.
• Eminye imizekelo
• Apha sikubonisa ezinye zeentsomi eziza kusebenza njenge isixhobo sokufundisa kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo okanye baya kukunika amava okuhamba ixesha ukuze ukhumbule la maxesha wawonwabele ngawo la mabali:

Ufudo nomvundla:

Kudala-dala kwakukho umvundla onekratshi nongenamsebenzi, owaqhubeka nokusasaza ukuba wayengoyena ukhawulezayo kwaye ehlekisa ngokucotha kofudo.

- Hee, ufudu, musa ukubaleka kangangokuba awusoze ufikelele kwinjongo yakho! Umvundla wathi ukuhleka ufudu.

Ngelinye ilanga, i-turtle yavela ngokubheja okungavamile kwi-hare:

-Uqinisekile ukuba ndingakuphumelela ugqatso.

- Me? Umvundla ubuze ngokumangaliswa.

- Ewe, ewe, utshilo ufudo. Masibeke iibhendi zethu kwaye sibone ukuba ngubani ophumeleleyo ugqatso.

Umvundla, ngokuzingca kakhulu, wamkele ukubheja.

Ngoko zonke izilwanyana zihlanganiselwe ukuzingqina uhlanga. Iqhweba libonise iingongoma zokuhamba kunye nokufika, kwaye ngaphandle kokunye u-ado waqalisa umncintiswano phakathi kokungabikho kwabafundi.

Ngobuqhetseba nokuzithemba kakhulu, umvundla wawuyeke uFudo wamgqogqa kwaye waqhubeka emhlekisa. Emva koko waqalisa ukubaleka ngokukhawuleza waligqitha ufudo olwaluhamba kancinci lungayeki. Wema phakathi kuphela phambi kwengca eluhlaza, apho wazinza khona ukuze aphumle ngaphambi kokuba agqibe ugqatso. Apho walala khona, ngelixa ufudo luqhubeka nokuhamba, inyathelo ngenyathelo, kancinci, kodwa ngaphandle kokuma.

Xa intonga ivukile, yabona ukwesaba ukuba i-tortle yayimgama omfutshane ukusuka kwinjongo. Ekuqaleni, wagijima ngamandla akhe onke, kodwa kwakungasekho kakhulu: i-tortle yayifinyelele umgomo kwaye yaphumelela umqhubi!

Ngolo suku umvundla wafunda, phakathi kokuthotywa okukhulu, ukuba ungaze uhlekise ngabanye. Ufundile nokuba ukuzithemba kakhulu kungumqobo ekufezekiseni iinjongo zethu. Kwaye akukho mntu, akukho namnye, ungcono kunaye nabani na.

Le ntsomi isishiya sithanda isimilo, ukuba ngaphandle kweemeko kunye nobunzima obuvelayo, abantu kufuneka bahlale benethemba kwaye benyamezele, kuba kobu bomi yonke into inokwenzeka. Isifundisa ukubaluleka komzamo kwaye ukuba singaze sihlekise ngabanye ngokusikelwa umda okanye izithintelo.

Ingwamza nengonyama:

Ingonyama enoburharha nekratshi, ngesinye isihlandlo, yayiqwenga ixhoba elimnandi elalisandul 'ukuzingela. Wayelambile kakhulu kangangokuba engaqondanga wafaka inyama eninzi emlonyeni wakhe wavingcela kwithambo. Waqala ukutsiba, ejikeleza, ekhohlela… Kwakungenakwenzeka, ithambo lalincamathele emqaleni wakhe kwaye akazange akwazi ukulisusa nangayiphi na indlela. Ude wazama nokufaka intuphu yakhe emlonyeni wakhe, kodwa wakwazi ukukrwela iinzipho zakhe kunye nokucaphukisa inkalakahla yakhe.

Ingwamza yayijonge phezulu komthi. Akubona ukuba le ngonyama iphelelwe lithemba, waba nomdla kuyo.

- Yintoni ingxaki, ingonyama? Akukho nto uyenzayo ngaphandle kokukhalaza!

- Ndinexesha elibi. Ndinethambo eli lithe nca emqaleni kunzima nokuphefumla andazi ukuba ndilikhuphe kanjani!

-Ndingasusa ela thambo likubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu kuba ndinomlomo omde kakhulu, kodwa kukho ingxaki kwaye yile ... Ndiyoyika ukuba uzakunditya!

Ingonyama, ngethemba, yaqala ukucenga ingwamza. Wade waguqa ngamadolo, into engaqhelekanga kwinkosi yehlathi elinekratshi!

- Nceda undincede! Ndiyakuthembisa ukuba andizukukwenzakalisa! Ndisisilwanyana sasendle kwaye ndiyoyikwa ngabo bonke, kodwa ndihlala ndiyigcina into endiyithethayo. Ilizwi lokumkani!

Ingwamza ayinakukufihla ukoyika kwayo. Ngaba kungakhuseleka ukuyithemba ingonyama ...? Wayengacaci tu kwaphela kwaye wayecinga ngokuthatha isigqibo malunga nento amakayenze. I-feline, okwangoku, yagcuma kwaye yalila okosana. Ingwamza, eyayinentliziyo entle, ekugqibeleni yaguquka.

- Ilungile! Ndiyakuthemba. Thetha ngomqolo kwaye uvule umlomo wakho kangangoko unako.

Ingonyama yalala phantsi ijonge esibhakabhakeni kwaye ingwamza yabeka intonga ibambe imihlathi yayo emikhulu ukuze ingakwazi ukuwavala.

- Kwaye ngoku, musa ukuhamba. Lo msebenzi ubuthathaka kakhulu kwaye, ukuba awuhambi kakuhle, iyeza linokuba libi ngakumbi kunesi sifo.

Ithobela lo myalelo, ingonyama yema bhuxe kwaye intaka yafaka umlomo wayo omde, obhityileyo emqaleni. Kwamthatha ixesha, kodwa ngethamsanqa wakwazi ukulifumana kwaye walikhupha ngobuchule obukhulu. Emva koko, wayirhola intonga ebigcine umlomo wakhe uvulekile kwaye ngesantya esipheleleyo, kungenjalo, wabhabha waya kuzimela kwindlwane yakhe.

Emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, ingwamza yabuyela kummandla wengonyama yaza yamfumana egxile kakhulu ekutyeni elinye iqhekeza elikhulu lenyama. Wahlala ngononophelo kwisebe elide kwaye wayibamba ingonyama.

- Molo mhlobo… uziva njani?

Njengoko ubona, ndibuye ndachacha.

-Ndiza kukuxelela into ... Ngenye imini awuzange undibulele nangokundenzela okuhle. Ayenzelwanga nto, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ukongeza ekuqwalaselweni kwakho, ndifanele ibhaso. Ngaba awucingi?

- Ibhaso? Kuya kufuneka wonwabe kuba ndibusindisile ubomi bakho! Lowo ngumvuzo wakho!

Ingonyama, emva kokukhupha la magama ngethoni engenantlonelo, yaqhubeka neshishini layo, ingayinanzi ingwamza ebisindisile ubomi bayo. Intaka, ewe, yayinomsindo kakhulu ngenxa yenyeliso eyayihlawulwa yingonyama ngoncedo lwayo lokuzincama.

- Ewe? Ucinga ke? Awunambulelo kwaye ixesha liyakundichaza ukuba ndilungile. Mhlawumbi ngenye imini, ngubani owaziyo ukuba iya kuphinda yenzeke nini into enye kuwe kwaye ndiyakuqinisekisa ukuba andizukuza kukunceda. Emva koko uya kuyixabisa yonke into endikwenzele yona. Khumbula le ndiyithethayo kuwe, ngonyama engenambulelo! Ngaphandle kokuthetha enye into, ingwamza yemka ngonaphakade, ishiya ingonyama, engakhange ijonge kuye, inomdla wokwanelisa ukutya kwayo.

Ukuziphatha: rhoqo Masibe nombulelo kwabo basinika inkxaso yabo kwimeko enzima. Ngaphandle koko inokuba ngunobangela wokona kunye nobutshaba.

Idonki ithwele ityuwa nedonki ithwele iziponji:

Iidonki ezimbini zazisihla ngendlela. Enye yayiphatha ityuwa kunye nezinye iziponji. Owokuqala wayeka rhoqo, ethwele ubunzima, ethwala ukuhlekwa ngowesibini okhanyayo.

Bafika emlanjeni ekwakufuneka bewele, yaza idonki enetyiwa yangena emanzini. Ekuqaleni yayitshona phantsi kobunzima, kodwa amanzi ayinyibilikisa ityuwa kwaye, ngoku ikhaphukhaphu, yakwazi ukufikelela kolunye unxweme. Idonki yesibini, ibona ukuba iqabane layo liwele, yangena emanzini ngaphandle kokucinga. Njengokuba wayephethe iziponji, bafunxa amanzi kwaye bandise ubunzima bawo, batshona isilwanyana saza sarhaxwa.

Ukuziphatha: Ungaze ukhohliswe ngumbono wokuqala, sisiphumo sokugqibela esibalulekileyo.

Ingonyama kunye nengcongconi:

Kudala-dala kwakukho ingonyama, yayizolile ehlathini, xa ingcongconi enkulu kakhulu yagqiba kwelokuba imsokolise. " Sukucinga ukuba umkhulu kunam ndiyakoyika!«Yatsho ingcongconi icela umngeni kwingonyama, eyaziwa njengokumkani wehlathi. Emva kwala magama, ingcongconi ayifutshane kwaye ayonqenanga, yaqala ukubhuza intloko yengonyama iphaphazela isuka kwelinye icala iye kwelinye, ngelixa ingonyama ikhangela ingcongconi ngathi iphambene.

Ingonyama yagquma ngumsindo ngenxa yengcongconi kwaye ngaphandle kwemizamo yokuyibulala, ingcongconi yaluma kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, de ingonyama ediniweyo yawa phantsi. Ingcongconi, ukuziva iphumelele, iphinde yaqala umendo apho ivele khona. Ngethuba elifutshane ingcongconi yakhubeka kwiwebhu yesigcawu kwaye yoyiswa nayo.

Yokuziphatha: Akukho zingozi zincinci, okanye ukukhubeka okungabalulekanga.