Amakhowa anjalo Izinto eziphilayo zobukumkani Isikhunta, Oku kubandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-100.000 yeentlobo zomngundo, kwaye phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kunokukhankanywa ukuba azivelisi iklorofili, banikwa Thallus (izicwili ezingeyonyani), ubukhulu becala zi-filamentous kunye ne-branched, esetyenziselwa ukufunxa izondlo ezivela kwindalo esingqongileyo, ziintlobo ezinobungakanani obahluka kakhulu kwaye ukuzala kwazo kwenziwa ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa ii-spores (asexual). Iikholoni zefungal zichazwa njengezakhiwo zezityalo kuba zenziwe ziiseli ezithatha inxaxheba kwikatabolism kunye nokukhula.
Ziyinxalenye yokwaleka kokubola, okugcina ubomi, kuba ngokuphembelela ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, zivumela izakhamzimba ezibanjiswe kwizicwili ukuba zijikeleze kwakhona kwimolekyuli engapheliyo. Ngokwenza kwayo, ikhabhoni ikhutshelwa emoyeni ngohlobo lwekhabhon dayoksayidi (CO2), i-nitrogen ngohlobo lwe-nitrous oxide (N2O) okanye i-nitrogen yemolekyuli (N2), Kule nkqubo ukukhutshwa kwezimbiwa emhlabeni kwenzeka ngohlobo lweeon.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zomngundo
Njengezityalo, zonke iintlobo zomngundo zinjalo Izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, Oko kuthetha ukuba iiseli zazo zeseli ziqulathwe kwiimbumba. Nangona kunjalo, ukungunda kunokudityaniswa kweempawu ezibabeka kubukumkani obahlukileyo.
Iifungi uninzi lwee-multicellular kwaye zidityaniswe yimisonto emide, eyaziwa njenge hyphae, zineendonga zangaphakathi ezibiziweyo septa, ezahlulahlula zibe ziiseli, ezi zakhiwo zihlala zinepore ephakathi enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukuhamba kwe-organelles ezincinci. Zizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic, nangona kunjalo zinendlela ekhethekileyo yokufumana izakha mzimba, kuba zifunxa ukutya zakuba nje zibolile ngesenzo sazo kwiimolekyuli ezilula, eziwela inwebu yeplasma ngendlela yokusasaza apho zingenelela khona iiprotein zothutho.
Umdibaniso weempawu ezinxulumene ne-morphology kunye nophuhliso lweentlobo zomngundo ezahlula kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo sinokuthi:
- Kusenokwenzeka ukuba bavela kwi-flagellate protists.
- Abana ntshukumo, oko kukuthi, abanako ukuhamba ngokuthanda.
- Ezi zinto zihlala zithanda ukudala intsebenziswano nezinye iiarhente, umzekelo wabo ubulembu, ezibangelwa yimibutho yefungi kunye ne-algae okanye i-photosynthetic bacteria. Ziyaziwa iimeko zokungunda ezenza unxibelelwano kunye nezinambuzane.
- Kunye neentsholongwane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboliseni izinto eziphilayo.
- Ifungi yenza ukubola ngokugcina ii-enzymes ezibola iikhompawundi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ziziguqula zibe ziimolekyuli ezilula, ezinokuthi ngokulula zilingane nophakathi.
- Amaqondo obushushu afudumeleyo kunye nokufuma kukhuthaza ukukhula kwazo.
- Ifungi idlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino lokutya, kuba zidlala indima ebonakalayo kwimveliso yesonka (ewe, igwele ngumngundo), zikwadlala indima kwiinkqubo zokuvuthwa kwesonka samasi ("luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka " yetshizi eblue sinetyala lezinto eziphilayo).
Yazi iintlobo zamakhowa
Zininzi iindlela zokuhlelwa, nangona kunjalo, xa sijonga inqobo yesiko sinokuthi iifungi zihlelwe ikakhulu kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubukumkani bazo:
1. Ubukumkani beFungi
Uhlobo oluchaze imijikelo yobomi lubekwe kwenye yezi ezine ze-phyla: iChytridiomycota, iZygomycota, Ascomycota kunye neBasidiomycota.
IPhylum Chytridiomycota
Iindidi ezingama-700 eziyinxalenye yeli nqanaba kuphela kodidi lweefungi olubonisa iseli eflaglathe nangaliphi na inqanaba lomjikelo wobomi, ukuvelisa ii-spores kunye neegetet eziqhutywa ngeflagella. Baqala iindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical kunye nee-enzymes, kwaye banazo zonke iimpawu zokungunda ezichazwe apha ngasentla. Zenziwe ziiseli ezingqukuva. Rhoqo, zihlala njengokubumba kwamanzi emanzini amatsha, kumagqabi, kumasebe, okanye kwizilwanyana ezifileyo. Ezinye iintlobo zezaselwandle, kwaye ezinye zihlala emhlabeni. Ezi zinto zinoxanduva lwekhwekhwe lesi sifo, isifo esibi esihlasela izilimo eziyizigaxa.
IPhylum Zygomycota
Olu hlobo lubangela iintlobo ezininzi zokubola okuthambileyo kwiziqhamo kunye nezifo ezimbalwa zezidudu kwizilwanyana. Zingaphezulu kwe-1.000 XNUMX iindidi ezichongiweyo kolu didi, apho iintlobo zohlobo lwe-coenocytic hyphae kwaye zihlala kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana ezifileyo, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye into efana nomgquba. Bakwaphuhlisa ubudlelwane be-endo-symbiotic kwindawo yokugaya ukutya yearthropod ezithile.
IPhylum Ascomycota
Kolu luhlu kukho ezo ntlobo zihlala ngokuzimeleyo, kukho malunga ne-30.000, kwaye malunga ne-60.000 yeentlobo, ukuba ezo ziyinxalenye ye-lichen zithathelwa ingqalelo. Ezi ntlobo zibonakaliswe kuba, ngokungafaniyo nezinye, zibonisa ukuthanda ukukhula kwazo kwindawo ezingena kufuma, yiyo loo nto zifumaneka kumhlaba owomileyo. Iiascomycetes zineefungi ezininziUninzi lwegwele kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezibunjiweyo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eziluhlaza, ezipinki nezimdaka ezihlala zikhula ekutyeni okungalondolozwanga zikweli qela.
IPhylum Basidiomycota
Olu luhlu luqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-14.000 yeentlobo zamakhowa atyayo, amakhowa ayityhefu, i-stall phalluses, kunye ne-gelatinous mushroom. Iintlobo ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo zihlala zibizwa ngokuba ngamakhowa, amakhowa okanye amakhowa ayangqinelana. I-mushroom yimbonakalo yomzimba ovelisa iziqhamo ophuma emhlabeni kwaye owenzeka kwinxalenye yomjikelo wobomi womngundo. Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yevolumu yefungus inokuhlala phantsi komhlaba ngohlobo lwe-haploid mycelia yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomanyano. Ezi ntlobo zahlulwe zangamacandelwana ama-5:
- UkuBoletales: Babandakanya iintlobo zamakhowa ezinamakhowa aneenyawo neminqwazi kunye nawo hymenophore (ibekwe phantsi komnqwazi) yenziwa yimibhobho kunye ne pores ezahlulwe kwinyama yomnqwazi. Imizekelo yeentlobo zezinto zeli qelana: I-Paxillus, iGomphidius, iHygrophoropsis.
- Iiagaricals: Ibandakanya amakhowa aqhelekileyo anesiqu, umnqwazi, i-hymenophore elaminethiweyo kunye nenyama enemicu.
- eRashiya: Njengakwimeko yamakhowa e-agaricales, ezi ntlobo zinekepusi kunye neenyawo ezichazwe kakuhle, iipleyiti eziphantsi kwekepusi, kodwa inyama iyagungqa, i-grainy, yokungaguquguquki okufana netshokho emanzi.
- I-Aphillophorales: Iifungi ezinamakhowa eemilo ezahlukeneyo (inkungu, izixokelelwano, amasebe) zezalapha.
- Gasterals: Zizinto zokungunda okanye amakhowa ahlala ejikelezwe lulusu olumeleyo okanye i-integument ebizwa ngokuba ixeshaBahlala benobumbano lweglobular, sphere okanye pear.
2. UKumkani Stramenopila
IPhylum Oomycota
Igquma iintlobo zeefungi zasemanzini kunye neentsholongwane, ikakhulu uninzi lwazo, iintlobo zasemanzini okanye ezomhlaba, nangona kunjalo, iintlobo zezidudu zinokufumaneka.
Ezona zinto zinzima zeli qela zisekwe njengezidalwa zezidalwa ezinesidudu, eziqhuba umjikelo wazo opheleleyo webhayoloji kumamkeli, apho umoya wenza indlela yothutho yokusasaza imbewu yazo. Iintlobo zeli qela, njengemveliso yantoniInkqubo zokuphinda ziveliswe ngokwesondoBenza i-flagellate spores, isilela kwiindonga zeseli kwaye ineeflagella ezimbini, isabhokhwe esinye esigudileyo kunye neendevu enye. Ngokwenxalenye yayo, ukuveliswa ngokwesondo kwenzeka ngenxa ye-oogamy, eluhlobo lohlobo lonxibelelwano lwe-gametangial. I-nuclei yamadoda edluliswayo igqithiselwa ngqo ngepore kwindawo yoqhakamshelwano okanye ngolwandiso lweetyhubhu olubizwa ngokuba yityhubhu yokuchumisa. Nje ukuba i-gamete yamadoda ihanjiswe, i-antherryl iyawohloka, kwaye emva kokuchumisa, enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwe-zygotes zikhula zibe zii-spores zokumelana ezibizwa izibuko.
IPhylum Hyphochitridiomycota
Eli candelo lenziwe ngamanzi, amanzi angenanto kunye nefungi yaselwandle, iiparasites ze-algae kunye nefungi, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ziintlobo ze-saprophytic. Zineeseli ze-motile ezinefilgellum enye, engafakwanga ngaphambili, kunye neendonga zeseli eziqukethe i-chitin, okanye ngamanye amaxesha iselulosi. Kwezi zinto ziphilayo akukho ndlela yaziwayo yokuzala ngokwesondo; kwezinye iimeko, ukumelana neentsholongwane kuyaziwa.
IPhylum Labyrinthulomycota
Olu luhlobo lweentlobo ezimbalwa ezaziwayo, kwaye ezo sele zifundisiwe zihlala ziluhlobo lwaselwandle. Inqanaba lesityalo limelwe yimixube edityanisiweyo, kunye nemveliso ye-asexual spores i-mixamebas iqokelela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zepseudoplasmodium kwaye yandisa, ukuze ijikeleze umaleko we-viscous kwaye yahlule. Ngale ndlela kwenziwa ii-zoospores. Nganye yezi zoospores iyaqubha de ifumane umphathi oyosulelekileyo emva kokuphulukana neflagella yayo.
3. IProtista yoBukumkani
Liqela elimela into enye kuphela, kwaye ngokugubungela iintlobo ezininzi kangaka akunakwenzeka ukumisela iimpawu ezichazayo okanye ezizahlula ngokupheleleyo, yiyo loo nto kwinkcazo yayo siza kwenza eli candelo lilandelayo ngokokuphambili "IPhylum" ezibabumba:
IPhylum Plasmodiophoromycota
yakhe fungus of parasitic of algae kunye nezityalo yemithambo. Iplasmodia yemifuno inokuba yi-haploid okanye idiploid, kwaye ikhule ngaphakathi kweeseli zomamkeli. Ukongeza, bavelisa ii-spores ezinodonga lwesisele ikakhulu i-chitin.
IPhylum Dictyosteliomycota
Ezi ntlobo ze-dichthyostelid slime fungi zixhaphake kakhulu emgqubeni, emhlabeni nakwizityalo ezibolayo. Banqabile ukuba baqwalaselwe kwindalo ukusukela ukuba i-fructization yabo yeyomzuzu kunye nezigaba zezityalo ezincinci. I-thallus imelwe yi-haploid engenayo i-amoeba ngaphandle kodonga lweseli elondla kwiibhaktheriya nge-phagocytosis. Ziye zaphawulwa ngokudityaniswa kwe-amoebae kwi-pseudoplasmodium.
IPhylum Acrasiomycota
Amalungu eli qela abonakaliswa yinto yokuba kwinqanaba lesityalo lenziwa ngokudityaniswa kweeseli ezingafakwanga zodwa ezigcina nokubonisa isondlo se-phagotrophic. Ziyafumaneka kwimihlaba etyebileyo ye-humus yentsimi kunye ne-virgin kunye namahlathi aqaqambileyo. Azinaso iiseli ze-flagellate kwaye i-fructization yazo i-ephemeral.
IPhylum Myxomycota
Iindidi zesilayidi zomngundo zenza ii-spores, kodwa ukusilela kweendonga zeseli kunye nomzimba bubunzima obukhulu beprotoplasm enomthamo weesentimitha ezimbalwa zetyhubhu equlathe amakhulu okanye izigidi zeenyukliya. Banokuhamba ngaphezulu kwe-substrates, njenge-amoeba, kunye nokwetyisa izondlo kwi-substrate njengoko ihamba. Le ndlela yokutya into ayinakwenzeka kwifungus eyinyani okanye efunyenweyo kuba iindonga zeseli zazo ziqinile.
Kukho udidi olungahambelaniyo Iikhrayitheriya zesiko ngokusekwe kumbala oqwalaselwe ngemicroscope yezifo zokungunda.
- Ileukospore: Kweli qela ngabo abo babonisa imibala phakathi kweethowuni ezimhlophe nezikhilimu. Umzekelo: ILepiota, iLactarius kunye neCantharellus.
- IMelanosporos: Iibhola ezimnyama. Umzekelo: Panaeoulus.
- Rhodosporos: Umbala kwiithoni ezipinki. Umzekelo: Pluteus, Entoloma kunye neClitopilus.
- IanthinosporeosUmbala weVolet. Umzekelo: IStropharia, iHypholoma
- IiChlorosporeos: Iibhola eziluhlaza. Umzekelo: Iklorophyllum.
Imvelaphi yefungi
Kukho ubungqina bokuba izinto zokuqala ze-fossil ezineempawu eziqhelekileyo kwifungi zenziwa malunga ne-540 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ngokuhambelana nexesha leCambrian.
Uninzi aluzazi yintoni ebaluleke kakhulu ukungunda kwimeko yendaleko, Nangona kunjalo, kwanele ukutsho uninzi Iingcali zithathela ingqalelo ukuba ukungunda yaba sisiqalo sokuphuhliswa kobuninzi beeseli, uphawu olwavumela ukukhula kwezicubu kunye namalungu enza izinto ezinzima ezifana nezityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ukongeza koku, kukho idatha ebonisa ukuba fungus zezinto zokuqala eziphilayo eyaphuma emanzini apho ubomi bazalelwa khona ukoyisa ilizwekazi, ukuvumela ukusekwa komhlaba kwezityalo.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha yabo lwenziwe nzima yinto yokuba iifungi zinemizimba ethambileyo engafosili kakuhle, nangona kunjalo ukusebenza kwezifundo eziphambili kusekwe kuthelekiso lolandelelwano lwe-amino acid yeeproteni ezingaphezu kwe-100 eziqhelekileyo kwifungi, kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana. ukuba umngundo uvele njengobukumkani, malunga ne-1.500 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye isikhunta sokuqala sikholelwa ukuba sisemanzini.
Kwimeko yendalo, iimpawu zokukhula komngundo zibenza babe ngabakholoniyali abasebenza kakuhle, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto imvelaphi yabo iqala ukusukela kwiminyaka yobudala esemhlabeni, kunye nokuhamba kwexesha ukuvela kweentlobo zezinto kubangele ukuvela kweentlobo ezininzi zomngundo, ke ukuhlelwa kweentlobo zazo isasazeke ngokubanzi.