Ngawaphi amalungu ahlukeneyo emicroscope?

Phambi kokwazi iindawo ezenziwe ngayo imicroscope, kubalulekile ukuba siyazi ukuba yintoni le nto kwaye ivela phi, eza kuguqula izifundo zebhayoloji eluntwini, ukuqonda, ngokomgaqo, ukuba esi sisixhobo esivumela ukuba baqwalasele izinto okanye izinto ezincinci kakhulu,

Umlando omncinci

Ukuyilwa kwemakroskopu kuhlala kungaqinisekanga. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokukhankanywa komrhwebi ongumDatshi ogama linguAnton Van Leeuwenhoek, owaziwa njenge utata wezinto eziphilayo, Ngenxa yokufumanisa kwakhe iiseli ezibomvu zegazi kunye nokuphuculwa kwee-microscopes, into yokuqala eyenziweyo ivela ezandleni zomvelisi weglasi wemvelaphi yaseDatshi, ebizwa ngokuba nguZaccharias Janssen kunye noyise uHans Janssen.

Oku kwenzekile malunga nonyaka we-1590. Yayiyimicroscope edityanisiweyo eyayinetyhubhu eyi-45 cm ubude kunye ne-5 cm ububanzi ngelensi ye-convex esiphelweni ngasinye. Malunga ne-1673 umDatshi uAntoni Van Leeuvenhoek, owayengumthengisi welaphu ngaphandle kwezifundo, waba nomdla kwizinto ezincinci zobomi, ezamkhokelela ekubeni azenzele ii-microscopes ezilula aze ke abe sisazinzulu esizingela iintsholongwane.

Abanye bathi wenza iilensi ezingaphezu kwama-500 ngezandla zakhe, ezinokuthi zikhulise ubungakanani bentsusa yamagciwane ukuya kumaxesha angama-500. UVan Leeuwenhoek uzukiswa ngokufunyanwa kweebhaktiriya, iprotozoa kwaye ngokutsho kolunye upapasho nakoo dlozi.

Ukuhlelwa kwemicroscope

Kukho uluhlu olubanzi lweemicroscopes ezizahlula-hlula ngokwezinto eziphambili.

• Ngokwenani leelensi: Elula kunye nokudityaniswa.
• Ngokwenkqubo yokukhanyisa: I-Optical, i-Elektroniki, ukukhanya kwe-UV, ukukhanya okukhanyisiweyo, i-Fluorescence
• Ngokudluliselwa kokukhanya: Ngokukhanya okuhanjisiweyo, Ngokukhanya okubonisiweyo
• Ngokwenani lezinto zamehlo: I-Monocular, i-Binocular, i-Trinocular
• Ngokokumiselwa kwezinto: Idijithali, iStereoscopic

Kukho ezinye iindidi zemicroscopes ezinje: intsimi emnyama, ingxoxo kunye nokwahluka kwesigaba.

Icandelo lemicroscope

Ukuchonga iinxalenye zemakroskopu sithetha ngeendlela ezimbini: inkqubo yoomatshini kunye nenkqubo yokubonakalayo.

Ngokuphathelele Inkqubo yoomatshini, ekwabizwa ngokuba sisakhelo, ikwimo eguqukayo kunye nobukhulu. Kukho iimodeli ezinkulu, eziphakathi nezincinci okanye eziphathwayo. Apho ii-greats zinekhredithi yazo zonke izinto zokuqinisekisa umsebenzi wobungcali, kunye nokuvumela ukutshintshiselana kwamalungu kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ukuze zenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Ngaphandle kobungakanani bazo, baneempawu ezifanayo kunye neendawo apho izinto eziyilayo zigcina iisampulu ukuba zifundwe zilungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zibonelele ngozinzo kwizixhobo. La malungu:

• Isiseko okanye unyawo:

Ngokwesiqhelo sisiqwenga esinobunzima bokukwazi ukubonelela ngolungelelwano oluyimfuneko kunye nozinzo olubalulekileyo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesifundo. Ime emazantsi kwemicroscope kunye ezinye izinto zibekwe phezu kwayo. Ibandakanya iindawo zokumisa irabha ezantsi ukunqanda imicroscope ekutyibilikiseni umphezulu apho ikhoyo.

• Ingalo:

Sisiqwenga esiphakathi semicroscope esidibanisa onke amalungu aso kwaye senze amathambo emicroscope. Kula xanduva lokudibanisa umphezulu apho isampulu ibekwe khona kunye neliso apho inokuthi ibonwe khona. Iilensi ezahlukeneyo ezifumaneka kwimakroskopu zinxibelelene nengalo, zombini injongo kunye neliso

• Umgangatho:

Isampulu emayiqwalaselwe ibekwe apho. Indawo emi nkqo yomphezulu apha ngokunxulumene neelensi zenjongo iyahlengahlengiswa ngezikhonkwane ezibini ezikufutshane kakhulu kwisiseko. Inqanaba linomngxunya embindini apho kukhanyiswe khona isampulu. Kukwakho neeklamps ezimbini ezinamathele kule.

• AmaTweets:

Zizinze eqongeni kwaye zivumela isampulu ukuba ibanjwe kwindawo esisigxina.

• Isikrufu esirhabaxa:

Umsebenzi wawo kukuhlengahlengisa ukuma nkqo kwesampulu ngokubhekisele kwinjongo. Isetyenziselwa ukufumana indlela yokuqala edityaniswa nesikrufu esilandelayo esibizwa ngokuba yi-micrometric.

• Isixhobo seMicrometer:

Inokuchaneka ngakumbi ngenxa yoko isetyenziselwa ukufezekisa ukugxila ngakumbi kwesampulu. Uhlengahlengiso lwayo kufuneka lwenziwe kancinci ukuhamba ngokuthe nkqo kweplaten.

• Gquba:

Yinxalenye ejikelezayo apho iinjongo zonyuswe khona. Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba injongo nganye ineempawu ezithile, oko kukuthi, nganye nganye inika ukonyuka okwahlukileyo. Kwaye kungenxa yompu apho eyona ifanelekileyo inokukhethwa ngokoko kufanelekileyo ngexesha lesifundo. Ngokwesiqhelo ivolovolo ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe phakathi kweenjongo ezintathu okanye ezine ezahlukeneyo.

• Tube:

Njengoko igama layo lisitsho, yityhubhu eqhotyoshelwe kwingalo yeteleskopu evumela unxibelelwano phakathi kweliso kunye neenjongo. Yinxalenye yolwakhiwo eyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokugcina ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo lwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Sele sichazile izinto ezenza inkqubo yemicroscope. Ngoku siza kuyazi i iinxalenye zenkqubo yokujonga. Le nkqubo inoxanduva lokuvelisa ukukhanya okwaneleyo okufunekayo ngokophando olwenziweyo.

Iindawo inkqubo Optical

• Ukujonga okanye umthombo wokukhanya:

Ewe yinto ebalulekileyo kuba yile nto ivelisa ukukhanya okujolise kwisampulu. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweemakroskopu, ukukhanya kokukhanya okuboniswe ngqo ngqo kwisipili ixesha liyiphambukisela kwisampulu. Indawo ekugxilwe kuyo iya kuxhomekeka ekubeni sisibane esibonakalisiweyo okanye imicroscope yokukhanya ehanjisiweyo.

• I-Condenser:

Kujongene nokugxila kwimitha yokukhanya evela kugxilwe kwisampulu. Ngokwesiqhelo ezi ziyaphambuka ukuze i-condenser itshintshe indlela eya kuyo, ibakhokelele ukuba bahambelane okanye baguquke kwakhona.

• Uvalo:

Esi siqwenga sivumela ukumisela inani lokukhanya elingena kwisampulu. Ngale nyathelo lokulawula ukukhanya, ukhetho luyavulwa ukwahluka umahluko ekubonwa kuwo isampulu. I-diaphragm ibekwe nje kwinqanaba kwaye indawo yayo efanelekileyo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesampulu ebonwayo kunye nokubonakala kwayo.

• Injongo:

Eli nqaku liseti yeelensi ezikufutshane nesampulu, evelisa inqanaba lokuqala lokukhulisa. Iinjongo zibekwe kwivolovolo, oko ke kuvumela ukhetho lwenjongo efanelekileyo yesikhulisi esifunekayo. Babhale kwicala labo ukwanda kunye nokuvulwa kwamanani abakwamkelayo. Ngokwemvelo ubude bokugxila bufutshane kakhulu.

• I-Ocular:

Emva kokuba injongo ibonelele ngenqanaba lokuqala lokukhulisa, iliso lokubonisa liyinto enika inqanaba lesibini lokwandiswa komfanekiso. Oko kukuthi, ikwandisa umfanekiso owawukhuliswe ngaphambili yinjongo, nangona ukukhulisa okunikezwe ngumbonisi kungaphantsi kunenjongo, kungako oku kunokwenzeka Ngokwenene jonga isampulu. Kulapho kuhlelwa khona ii-microscopes ze-monocular, binocular kunye ne-trinocular. Ukuqonda ke ukuba ukukhulisa okupheleleyo kwemicroscope kunikwa ngokudityaniswa kwenjongo kunye nomboniso wamehlo.

• I-prism ebonakalayo:

Ngokweminye imibhalo yezonyango, ezinye iimicroscopes zibandakanya iiprisimusi ezikwaziyo ukulungisa ukukhanya. Into ebalulekileyo kwimeko yee-microscopes zebinocular, kuba i-prism yahlula ukukhanya kokukhanya okuvela kwinjongo kwaye ke ijolise kwimibala emibini eyahlukeneyo.

Kuko konke oku kuchazwe ngentla, sinokuqiniseka ngezinto eziyinxalenye yemicroscope, nesisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekufundweni kweentsholongwane ezichaphazela ukukhula koluntu nakuphando izifo Kanye kunye nokunyanga kwayo okunokwenzeka, okubonakalayo ngokungabonakaliyo kwiso lomntu, kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kwizenzululwazi. Imicroscope yasekwa njengenye yezona nkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi kwaye yaguqula indlela elijongwa ngayo ilizwe.