Yayiyintoni igalelo likaGalileo Galilei?

Igalelo le UGalileo Galilei zazibaluleke ngokwenene kuphuhliso lwefiziksi, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nesayensi ngokubanzi; Kuba nayo le ithathwa njengoyise wesayensi, ethi ngokwezifundo ibe i-physicist, injineli, isazi semathematika, isayensi yeenkwenkwezi kunye nefilosofi owazalelwa e-Itali ngoFebruwari 15, 1564.

UGalileo wayeyindoda engumKatolika ngokwentshukumo ye-Renaissance, eyayinganomdla nje kuphela kwimimandla yesayensi, kodwa nakwiimpawu zobugcisa. Ukongeza, kuthathwa ngokuba oku kwakubalulekile kutshintsho lwenzululwazi, kuba yayicel'umngeni kwiingcamango zamandulo zesayensi kunye nenkolo; apho le yokugqibela yayisisizathu sokuvalelwa kwakhe kunye nokufa okwalandelayo, kuba nangona wayengumKatolika le yayingeyongxaki kuye nakwimodeli yakhe yaseCopernican yendalo iphela.

Igalelo kwithiyori yeCopernican

Kumaxesha amandulo, kwakudala phambi koGalileo, kwakucingwa nje ukuba uThixo udale i-Universe kwaye ke abaphandi babecinga kuphela ngokufunda okukuyo. Ngokwengcinga zika-Aristotle kunye noPtolemy, ngokudibeneyo neCawa yamaKatolika, umhlaba wawuseMbindini weNdalo iphela kwaye nangona oko kungazichazanga zonke iziganeko eziqwalaselwe ngabafundi, yayiyeyona ithiyori isebenzayo de kwafika UCopernicus, uGalileo, uJohannes Kepler noTycho IBrahe.

UGalileo ufake isandla kwithiyori yeCopernican (Iiplanethi zijikeleza ilangaukufumanisa into awayesandul 'ukuyifumana ngeteleskopu yakhe entsha, njengokujonga kwakhe iNyanga, iJupiter, iVenus kunye nelanga. Yintoni emncedileyo ukuba enze isicatshulwa esichaza indlela indalo esebenza ngayo kwaye iyintoni indawo yomhlaba kuyo.

Inguquko kwezesayensi

Omnye weminikelo UGalileo Galilei Okona kubalulekileyo yayiyindlela awayejonga ngayo kwiCawe yamaKatolika yokufuna ukuya kwelinye inyathelo kwaye abonise ukuba imodeli okanye ithiyori eyayinayo malunga neNdalo iphela yayingachanekanga, nokuba ingabiza malini.

Oku, kunye nokubanjwa kwakhe, kwaququzelela indlela yokuba ezinye izazinzulu zijoyine kwaye zahlukane neCawa yamaKatolika, zivelise inguquko kwezesayensi eyavumela ukukhula kwezenzululwazi ngesantya esikhulu kakhulu kunakwimihla yangaphambili; Isizathu sokuba ngexeshana elincinci sikwazi ukufikelela kule ndawo sikuyo namhlanje. Ke ngoko, igalelo likaGalileo Galilei kwihlabathi langoku lelona likhulu kuzo zonke.

Iincwadi zikaGalileo Galilei

Kwiminyaka yobomi bukaGalileo, wapapasha uthotho lweencwadi malunga neenkalo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngefiziksi okanye isayensi yeenkwenkwezi. Phakathi kwazo singafumana "Umthunywa we-Sidereal" ukusukela ngo-1610, "Ukusebenza kwekhampasi yejometri kunye neyomkhosi" ukusuka ngo-1604, "Ingxoxo ngezinto ezidadayo emanzini" ukusuka ngo-1612, "Iingxoxo kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezinkulu zehlabathi" 1631 kunye "neenzululwazi ezimbini ezintsha" zika-1638.

• Umthunywa osecaleni imalunga nokufunyanwa sisazinzulu malunga nenyanga.
• Ukusebenza kwekhampasi yejometri kunye neyomkhosi Inengcaciso yesazinzulu malunga nolingelo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuya kusetyenziswa kwicandelo lobuchwepheshe.
• Incwadi ye intetho malunga nezinto ezidadayo emanzini, Kunoko, yayiquka uphando olwalufuna ukuqinisekisa ingcamango ka-Aristotle, eyayiyinyani.
• Iingxoxo kwiinkqubo ezimbini ezinkulu emhlabeniKwakumalunga neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga ngethiyori ze-Universe yexesha; ngokukodwa zazintathu, ithiyori yaseCopernican, enye yayingakholelwa kuyo kwaye ingakhethi cala. Incwadi ikhula nomntu ngengcinga nganye.
• Ekugqibeleni Iinzululwazi ezimbini ezintsha ejolise ekwenzeni isishwankathelo malunga nesayensi yokunyakaza kunye namandla, ebeyinxalenye ye- Igalelo likaGalileo Galilei kwi-physics.

Umthetho wesindululo

Umthetho wokuqala ka-Newton wesindululo yayiyeyona nto yafundwa nguGalileo, owayeqonda ukuba imizimba inokukhawulezisa ngezinga elifanayo ngaphandle kobunzima okanye ubungakanani bayo; ke intshukumo yayi malunga nesantya kunye nomzimba nje.

NgokukaGalileo, intshukumo yaveliswa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa "kwamandla" kwaye ukuba le yayingeyonxalenye yenkqubo, umzimba wawuza kuba "uphumle". Ngapha koko, kwagqitywa kwelokuba izinto ziyakwazi ukumelana notshintsho ekuhambeni kwazo, ke ngoko wafumanisa "inertia."

Ukuphuculwa kweteleskopu

Nangona le ndoda ingazange iyile iteleskopu, yakwazi ukuyiphucula kakhulu. Kuloo minyaka kwakusele kukho iteleskopu ekwaziyo ukukhulisa kathathu, kodwa uGalileo wakwazi ukuhlengahlengisa iilensi ukufezekisa ukuphakanyiswa okungamashumi amathathu.

Iteleskopu yokuqala yaba sematheni ngo-1609 kwaye emva konyaka nje omnye, le nzulu-lwazi yayenze iisampulu ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu (ayizizo zonke ezisebenzayo). Ukongeza, gcina kwakhona umfanekiso ohanjiswe sesi sixhobo, kuba ngaphambili wawubonakala uphenjiwe.

Isatellites zesaturn

Igalelo likaGalileo lahluka kakhulu, kuba kule meko wajonga iisathelayithi zeJupiter (wazibona okokuqala ngoJanuwari 1610) esebenzisa iteleskopu yakhe, ekholelwa ukuba ezi ziinkwenkwezi ekuqaleni kodwa kamva waqonda ukuba ziisathelayithi zayo, ukusondela kwabo kwiplanethi, kwakhawuleza ukuhamba.

Izigaba zeVenus

Kwakusekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1600 xa uGalileo Galiei wafumanisa izigaba zeVenus. Inyani yile yokuba wayesele ebonile iinkwenkwezi kunye noJupiter okanye uSaturn. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko ukwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho uthotho lwezigaba ezihambelana naleyo yenyanga. Ngale ndlela, yenye yegalelo elikhulu likaGalileo okoko baqinisekisayo, kwakhona Inkolelo yeCopernican. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-1500, inkolelo yayikholelwa ekubeni ilanga, iiplanethi kunye nenyanga zezo zijikeleza umhlaba. Ke xa kwafunyanwa izigaba zeVenus, kwabonwa ukuba yonke into ekucingelwa ukuba ayihambelani noku kufunyanwa.

Iinyanga zejupiter

Okubizwa ngokuba ziinyanga zikaJupiter kwafunyanwa ngo-1610 kwaye ke, nguGalileo Galilei. Zazizezona satellites zine zazinkulu kule planethi: Io, Europa, Ganymede kunye noCallisto. Nangona ekuqaleni wabachonga ngamanani. UGalileo wabona amanqaku amathathu kwaye ngemini elandelayo wafumanisa ukuba mane. Azinakuba ziinkwenkwezi kuba bejikeleza ngeenxa zonke kubo.

Amabala elanga

Amabala elanga ngelo xesha afundwa linani elikhulu lezenzululwazi kunye nabaphandi, ke oku kunikwa ngokungafanelekanga ku-Galileo kuba wasebenzisa ukufumanisa kwezinye izazinzulu ukuzinikezela kwaye ngenxa yoko wazuza udumo kunye nentlonipho yookumkani.

Nangona kunjalo, wenza igalelo kuphononongo lwabo, oluthi kunye nolunye uphando lwamvumela ukuba aqinise ithiyori yeCopernican, kuba la mabala abonisa ukuba umhlaba ujikeleza ilanga.

Ipendulum

Elinye igalelo likaGalileo Galilei yayiyi-pendulum, kuba xa wayesengumfana wayezijonga iintsimbi zePisa Cathedral kunye nendlela abasusa ngayo umbulelo kumbutho oveliswa yimisinga yomoya.

Wayidala ngo-1583 kwaye ngokuvavanya ukubetha kwentliziyo yakhe wakwazi ukufumanisa "umthetho wependulum". Ngowuphi umgaqo osasetyenziswayo namhlanje, othi nokuba umgama uphuma phi kwi-pendulum kude ne-equilibrium yayo, ayitshintshi kwi-oscillation yayo.

Izifundo zenyanga

Los ukufundwa kwenyanga nguGalileo Galilei Lelona galelo lakhe libalaseleyo kwi-astronomy nakwisayensi ngokubanzi, kuba ukuhamba kwayo kunye neempawu zayo zizinto ezazifundwa. Kungoko ithiyithi yokuba isathelayithi yethu ikwindalo yethu efanayo yazalwa (wabona iintaba nemingxuma ekuyo), nto leyo eyamnika isizathu esingakumbi sokukholelwa kwithiyori yeCopernican.

Ithermoskophu

Phakathi kwezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo sifumana i-thermoscope, kuba yayiyeyokuqala ngohlobo lwayo kwaye oku wakhonza ekudalweni kwethemometha esiyaziyo namhlanje. Ukuyilwa kwenziwa ngo-1592, xa uGalileo wasebenzisa iglasi encinci yamanzi eqhotyoshelwe kumbhobho owawunebhola yeglasi engenanto ekugqibeleni. Oku kusebenze ngokweqondo lobushushu noxinzelelo, kuba isiphumo sinokufunyanwa ngokudibana kwezi zinto zombini.

Nangona i-thermoscope yayingenawo amandla okunika umlinganiso ngqo malunga neqondo lobushushu, inokubonisa utshintsho olufanayo; Ke nangona isenokubonakala ngathi ayisiyonto inkulu namhlanje, ngelo xesha yayiyindlela entsha yokufumanisa eyavumela uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokulinganisa kwiminyaka elandelayo.

Indlela yesayensi

UGalileo Galilei naye uthathwa njenge utata wendlela yesayensi, eyathi wayiveza ngexesha lokugcina inkolo yamaKatolika kwaye, yona ke, yayingenabudlelwane nezimvo zika-Aristotle.

Ukufunyanwa kwenziwa xa uGalileo wasebenzisa ubungqina bemathematika kwezinye zezinto awayezifumanisa okanye uphando; ethathwa njengesixhobo sophando. Ngaphandle kokungayichazanga (kukho amathandabuzo malunga nokuba kutheni), oku kusebenze kuphuhliso lwamva lwendlela yesayensi.

Amakhonkco kaSaturn

Wayengowokuqala weenkwenkwezi ukubona uSaturn eMhlabeni. Ephanda, wafumanisa into eyatsala umdla wakhe. Kwakungekho nto ngaphandle kwamasongo kaSaturn. Nangona mhlawumbi inyani enjalo ingelilo igalelo lokuqaqambisa, kufanelekile ukuba uyixele.

Umthetho wokuwa

Kwakhona kwicandelo le-physics, le ngcali yenzululwazi ngokubonisa ukuba amandla abangela ukukhawuleza kwaye kungekhona ukukhawuleza njengoko u-Aristotle watshoyo mandulo; eyamvumela ukuba aqonde ukuba amandla omxhuzulane ngamandla aqhubekayo kwaye avelisa isantya sokukhawulezisa rhoqo kwimizimba ewela emhlabeni.

Igalelo likaGalileo Galilei ngokwenyani alikholeleki kuphela ngexesha awayekulo, kodwa likwasebenza njengesiseko sokuphuhliswa kwesayensi ukusukela kulaa nkulungwane ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngoko ke, lo ngumlinganiswa kwimbali ekunzima ukulibala, ekubeni yonke iminyaka yobomi bakhe wazinikezela ezi zinto zibalulekileyo kuluntu lwanamhlanje kunye nenzululwazi.