U-Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier uthathwa njengomdali we chemistry yanamhlanje, kwizifundo zakhe kunye negalelo ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla zisasebenza kwisayensi, ezinje ngezifundo zakhe kwifotosinthesisi, ukutshisa, umthetho wolondolozo lobunzima, ithiyori yecalori, ukuphefumla kwezilwanyana phakathi nabanye abaninzi.
Wayengusokhemisti wezinto zebhayoloji, kwaza kwalandela ingcali yezoqoqosho eyaziwayo yaseFrance yexesha lakhe, owathi ekuqaleni waqhubela phambili ngamalungelo emisebenzi, ukuze kamva afumane ukuthanda kwakhe kwezenzululwazi zendalo, ezaye zamenza waziwa, njengomanduleli wekhemistri. .
Ufumene ukwamkelwa okumbalwa apho i-lunar crater iLavoisier, enegama lakhe njengesikhumbuzo, kunye ne-asteroid 6826 ekwanalo negama lakhe, kwaye oku kuyabonakala nakwamagama angama-72 ososayensi kwi-Eiffel Tower eyaziwayo.
Wayeneencwadi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezipapashiweyo ezinje ngendlela yokuchazwa kweekhemikhali ngonyaka we-1787, eyayithathwa njengeyona ndlela intsha yokuchonga amagama, ngenxa yegalelo lakhe elikhulu.
Utshintshe indlela yokucinga kwezinto ezithile kwimicimbi yemichiza, njengamanzi, wonke umntu acinga ukuba yinto, kodwa wabonisa ukuba yinkompo.
I-Biography kaAntoine Lavoisier
Phambi kokwazi ukuba yeyiphi eyona minikelo ibaluleke kakhulu kaLavoisier, kufanelekile ukuba ube nombono wokuba ufike njani kubo, ngubani owayephila emva koko wamkhokelela kuloo ndlela.
UAntoine Laurent de Lavoisier, owazalwa ngo-Agasti 26, 1743 eParis / eFrance, wayegqalwa njengomseki wekhemistri yanamhlanje, kuba wayihlanganisa, ngenxa yoku wayethathwa njengomnye wabo babandakanyeka kuhlaziyo lwenzululwazi, kunye nokufumanisa kwakhe okukhulu kunye neziphumo zakhe .
Kwiminyaka yobudala eyi-11 waqala ukufunda kwisikolo esiphakamileyo, iKholeji yeZizwe eziMane, ngo-1754, engomnye wabafundi abagqwesileyo kwisayensi yendalo, ngenxa yezipho zakhe zendalo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wafunda umthetho, kuba utata wakhe wayeligqwetha elibalulekileyo ngelo xesha, kwaye walicela.
Kwiminyaka engama-28 ubudala, wagqiba ekubeni atshate uNkosazana Marie Ann Pierrette Paulze, intombi yomnini-ndawo obalulekileyo we-ferme genérale, eyayiyimvume karhulumente yokuqokelela irhafu, apho uLavoisier wayesebenza khona, oku kwakungunyaka we-1771.
Wayenesikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu ebomini bakhe, wayelilungu le-Academy of Sciences ngo-1768, umlawuli wombuso wemisebenzi yokudala umpu ngo-1776, ngo-1789 wayeyinxalenye yekhomishini yokuseka inkqubo efanayo yobunzima, kwaye ngo-1791 wayengukhomishina kanondyebo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni azame ukwazisa ngohlengahlengiso kwiinkqubo zemali nezerhafu zaseParis, kunye neendlela zokwenza imveliso yezolimo.
Ngonyaka we-1793 kwisikhundla sakhe sokuba ngumkomishinala kanondyebo, wasebenza ekuqokeleleni imirhumo, ke urhulumente wangoku ugqiba kwelokuba ambambe, kwangaxeshanye, bonke abazana naye bazama ukumnceda ngokubonisa igalelo lakhe kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe, kodwa umthetho awusebenzi, unokuyeka nje ukujongana nososayensi, ke kunyaka olandelayo u-1794 wagwetywa, wanqunyulwa intloko phambi kukarhulumente.
Ngo-1795 kwavela urhulumente omtsha wase-France, owathi emva kophando waqonda ukuba u-Antoine Lavoisier ubulewe, emva kwesigwebo sobuxoki, bathumela kubo umhlolokazi u-Marie Ann ileta echaza ngokwenzekileyo.
Elona galelo libalulekileyo leLavoisier
U-Lavoisier wayengusokhemisti omkhulu webhayoloji yexesha lakhe, nokuba yenye yezona zinto zazibalulekile kwezophando lwekhemikhali, owayenegalelo elitshintshe indlela yokucinga yezazinzulu ezininzi, ukuba nanamhlanje ukufumanisa kwakhe kusafuneka ngokupheleleyo kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi. .
Phakathi kwegalelo elifanelekileyo lika-Antoine Laurent Lavoisier zezi zilandelayo:
Umthetho weLomonosov-Lavoisier
Waziwa ngcono njengomthetho wolondolozo lobunzima, omnye weyona mithetho ibalulekileyo neyakha yafunyanwa yenzululwazi zendalo, ikakhulu icaciswe nguMnu Mikhail Lomonosov ngo-1748 ze yagqitywa ngu-Antoine Lavoisier ngo-1785.
Ubunzima obusetyenzisiweyo bama-reactants bulingana nobunzima obufunyenwe kwiimveliso, oku kuthetha ukuba kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokuphendula kwamachiza ubunzima buhlala bungaguquguquki, ke abuguquki, ngaphandle kwento encinci ekuphenduleni kwenyukliya apho ubukhulu bayo buhlala buncinci. ilungisiwe.
Ithiyori yokutsha
Ukutsha yenye yeengxaki eziphambili zekhemistri ngelo xesha, kuba kwakukholelwa ukuba xa umlilo uvutha, i-phlogiston yakhululwa, apho uLavoisier kunye nophando olunzima kubo, baqonda ukuba into ebaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lokwenza umlilo umoya, owawuyingxube yeegesi ezimbini, i-oksijini kunye ne-hydrogen.
Abaxhasi benkolelo ye-phlogiston bakholelwa ukuba ngokubala isinyithi, yafumana ubunzima obukhulu, kuba babefumene i-phlogiston kuzo, kodwa uLavoisier wangqina okuchaseneyo ngokufudumeza isinyithi kwisitya esivaliweyo, ubunzima ngaphambi nasemva kwenkqubo.
Ukuphefumla kwezilwanyana
Le yayiyenye yegalelo likaLavoisier ebangele eyona mpikiswano iphakathi koososayensi, kuba wacebisa ukuba umoya ophefumlelweyo watshiswa emiphungeni waze washiywa njengekhabhon diokside, kunjalo nje.
Ukuqinisekisa oku, itshixiwe ihagu yeginea kwisikhongozeli esineoksijini, kwaye yaqala ukulinganisa inani leoksijini eyityileyo, kunye nezixa zecarbon dioxide eziyivelisileyo. Oku kufunyenwe kwakubalulekile kuphononongo lobudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwezityalo nezilwanyana, kunye nokuchonga isixa seoksijini esisetyenziswe kwimisebenzi yomzimba, nakwimeko yokuphumla.
Ithiyori yekhalori
Ngophando olunzulu olukhokelele kulingo lomlilo olwenziwe nguLavoisier, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ubukho beekhalori ze-caloric ngexesha lokuyenza, ke kwagqitywa ekubeni isenzo sokuphefumla sisisithethi esivelisa ubushushu. .
Emva koko waqinisekisa ukuba yonke into enxulumene nobushushu ayinayo okanye ayitshintshi kubunzima bayo okanye ubunzima bayo, oku kunokuqatshelwa xa kukhanyiswa umdlalo kwaye uqaphela ukuba akukho lutshintsho kuwo, emva kokuba kukhanyisiwe.
Amanzi njengekhompawundi
Phambi kokuba uLavoisier amisele ukuba amanzi ayintsimbi phakathi kwehydrogen neoksijini, kwakukholelwa ukuba amanzi yinto, kuba izifundo eziyimfuneko bezingakhange zenziwe kuwo, oko kuqinisekisa ukuba yenziwe nge-85% yeoksijini kwaye yi-15% kuphela. hydrogen.
Eli galelo likaLavoisier liyitshintshe ngokupheleleyo indlela yokubona amanzi, kuba yayikholelwa ngaphambili ukuba yinto elula, ke wabonisa ukuba yayiqulathe ezimbini zezi zinto.
Igalelo kwifotosinthesisi
Ngombulelo kwizifundo zakhe zomlilo, kuye kwabakho ukumisela ukuba ioksijini yeoksijini ekutyeni ivelise umoya osisigxina owaziwa ngcono njengecarbon dioxide, eyayiyinto ezazisetyenziswa zizityalo ukwenza inkqubo yokuphefumla, oku kwakususela kunyaka we-1772.
Incwadi yokuqala ye chemistry
Wayengumlobi wencwadi yokuqala ye-chemistry, echaza emsebenzini wakhe yonke into enxulumene nale nzululwazi, idatha yangoku kunye neyona nto ifanelekileyo, iimvavanyo kunye nemiphumo yazo, amagama ezinto, ukubunjwa kwazo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi.
Itheyibhile yamaxesha ekhemistry
I-Lavoisier yenze uluhlu lwezinto kunye nendlela ezenziwa ngayo, ngaloo ndlela zivelisa i-chemistry yanamhlanje, ngenxa yayo yonke ingcaciso eyinike umba, yazichaza njengezinto ezingenakubola, ezi zezona zisisiseko.
Eli galelo lisuka eLavoisier liyaqhubeka ukusetyenziswa nanamhlanje, lide lifundiswe nasezikolweni, ukuze abafundi babe nokuphathwa ngokulula kwezinto ezibandakanya ikhemistri.
Inkqubo yeMetriki
Ndisebenza kunye neengcali zezibalo, ezathi zakhokelela kwinkqubo yemilinganiselo, kwiFrench Academy of Sciences, eyayikwazi ukurekhoda ukufana ngokwemilinganiselo kuyo yonke imimandla yaseFrance, eyathi kamva yasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela.
Kwakukho igalelo elininzi nguLavoisier, konke kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kufanelekile kwimbali yesayensi kunye nokufundwa kwendalo, konke oku wakufezekisa ngenxa yezipho zakhe zobukrelekrele nokusebenza kwakhe nzima kubomi bakhe bonke.
Wakwazi ukutshintsha umhlaba wekhemistri ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba iindlela zakhe, ezingaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100 ubudala, zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.
Amaqanda