Imodeli yeatom yindlela zimele ukwakheka kweeathom, ethi yona izame ukucacisa indlela abaziphatha ngayo kunye neepropathi zabo, kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, bekukho uninzi lwezi modeli, kodwa ifilosofi yokuqala ukubeka enye yezi yayinguDemocritus, awayecinga ukuba iathom ibe yeyona nto incinci yomcimbi, eyayingenako ukwahlulwa nokungenakonakala.
Waziwa ngokuba sisithandi sobulumko esihleka, ngenxa yokuba kuninzi lwemifanekiso yakhe efumaneka ngoncumo olukhulu, wayesisazi sefilosofi esingaphambi kweSocrate kunye nesazi sezibalo esasihlala phakathi kwe-460 kunye ne-370 BC phakathi kwe-XNUMX ne-XNUMXth century BC.
Ngubani na Democritus?
Ngexesha lakhe wayesaziwa ngegama lesidlaliso elinjengoMilesa noAbderita, owazalelwa kwisixeko sase-Abdera (eThrace) isixeko sepolisi yamaGrike emantla omlomo womlambo iNestos, owawukufuphi nesiqithi iThosos, igama elithi Democritus liguqulela I-Spanish njengoyena wayekhethwe ngabantu, wazalwa ngo-460 BC, kwaye waqalisa ukufundela umsebenzi wakhe ngexesha lemfazwe yezonyango nxamnye namaGrike, apho wafunda khona ngemfundiso yezakwalizwi nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi, esemncinci kakhulu.
Nangona wayephila kunye noSocrates, uthathwa njengesithandi sobulumko sangaphambi kweSocrates, eyimpazamo epheleleyo, nangona le yayinomxholo we-physis, ngelixa uSocrates wayelandela indlela yokuziphatha kwezopolitiko, eyayimhlula kwizithandi zobulumko zelo xesha.
UDemocritus wayengoyena mfundi uphambili kaLeucippus, owathi kamva waba yindlalifa yakhe, bobabini bephuma kumhlaba omnye, kwaye besabelana ngeemfundiso ezininzi, bakwazile ukwenza imodeli yeatom eluncedo ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, nangona ingaphezulu kwe-2 yeminyaka ubudala.
Wayengumhambi ozelweyo, kwaye wathabatha uhambo oludlula kwizixeko neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, efunda koosiyazi basePersi nabase Yiphutha apho afumana khona ulwazi ngazo zonke ezo ndawo, kwade kwaxelwa namabali ngaye, afana nala athi khupha amehlo akhe ukuze angaphazamisi ukucamngca kwakho.
Waphila de 370 BC, wafa eneminyaka engama-90, nangona abaninzi bayavuma ukuba le sobulumko sidlamkile wazuza ubomi ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-100 ubudala.
Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wahoywa ngokupheleleyo ngabantu baseAthene, nangona wayeqatshelwe nguAristotle omkhulu, owayesoloko ebeka ingxelo yokuba akazange alufumane udumo olwaneleyo, kuba wayengenamdla wokulufumana, kwaye uSocrates akazange amazi, nangona ndiye ndamazi.
Ngenxa yokuhleka kwakhe rhoqo, athi wayenza ngokungathandekiyo kwicala elalithathwa lihlabathi, wayesaziwa njengefilosofi ehlekisayo, okanye u-Abderita oncumileyo, onokubonwa kwimifanekiso yakhe eyahlukeneyo, kwaye wakwazi ukuba ngokuchaseneyo. kuHeraclitus owayesaziwa njengefilosofi ekhalayo, ebonisa isimo sengqondo esahluke ngokupheleleyo.
Yintoni imodeli yeathom yeDemocritus?
Ukuba ngumzekelo wokuqala we-athomu obhalwe ngumGrike, u-Democritus wakwazi ukuphuhlisa kunye notitshala wakhe u-Leucippus, ithiyori ye-atomiki yendalo iphela, engaphuhliswanga njengemodeli yangoku ngokwenza amalinge, kodwa endaweni yoko, ngengqiqo esengqiqweni kwaye nangona ebesenza ikakhulu utitshala wakhe, kunzima kakhulu ukwahlula kubo, kuba ziyafana kakhulu.
Kwimodeli yakhe wenza icebo lokuba iiathom ziyafana, zihlala zikhona kwaye azinakwahlulwa kwaye zona azibonakali kwaye azinakuqondakala, kananjalo azisahlulwa ziimpawu zazo zangaphakathi, kodwa ziimilo kunye nobukhulu bazo. Yonke into eyiqondayo imeko yento ixhomekeke kwiiathom eziyenzayo.
Igama lama-atom lanikwa nguye, eliyintetho yesiGrike eguqulela njengaleyo ingenakubalwa, ezizinto zantlandlolo ezineempawu zokungaguquguquki kunye nangonaphakade, ngenxa yesayizi yazo encinci engenakuqondwa ziimvakalelo zomntu.
UDemocritus esebenza kunye nomcebisi wakhe uLeucippus, wafumanisa ukuba intshukumo yinyani yokwenyani, eyanyusa amandla kunye ne-inertia esetyenziswa kulingo lomzimba ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, le ngcinga yayiyeyabalandeli bentshukumo ye-atomist, ngelixa i-Eleatas yenzayo ungayamkeli njengeyinyani.
UNyana wayenokuthi iiathom zahlangana ngenxa yeemilo zazo ezahlukileyo, nangona phakathi kwazo kwakukho indawo encinci evumela ukwahlula phakathi kwazo, kunye nokwahluka kwazo, zahlulahlula ixesha elithile, zibangelwe kukungqubana phakathi kwazo kunye nolunye uluhlu lweeathom, ezingakhange zihlale xesha lide, kuba kungekudala ziya kudibana nezinye, zenze umzimba omtsha.
Ukuhamba kwee-athomu yinkqubo yendalo, ziya kuhlala zihamba emajukujukwini, mhlawumbi zitshintsha indawo yazo, kodwa zingatshabalali, zigcina imilo yazo ngonaphakade, zifuna ukuba yinxalenye yazo, kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Zonke izinto ezikhoyo kunye nezinto ezikhoyo kwindalo iphela zenziwe ziiseti zeeathom, ezingqubana enye nenye ukuze zenze imizimba yazo kunye neefom, nangona uninzi lumi kwelokuba le nto ngumcimbi wamathuba, kwimodeli yeathom yeDemocritus, oku kuvela Imfuneko yomanyano phakathi kwabo, ezi modeli zibandakanya ukucinga ngezinto eziphathekayo ngokupheleleyo, ngengqiqo yokuba yonke into eyenziweyo neyenziweyo ngumba wamathuba kunye nokuphendula kwamatyathanga ala masuntswana amancinci azenzayo.
Ezi atom zezona zidlulisa imbonakalo enokuthi iqatshelwe, kwaye ikwabonelela ngokubona kunye nokuziva. UDemocritus waphikisa ngelithi ingqondo yomntu yayiqulathe ukukhanya kunye neeathom ezingqukuva, ngelixa umzimba wawenziwe ngeeathom ezinzima kwaye zomelele, kanye njengokuba aba ingabo bafumana ulwazi kunye nabo babenako ukuziva yonke into ekhoyo. yiyo.
Iingcali zefilosofi ezinje ngokuhleka kuka-Abderita, zathumela iimodeli zazo ngokusekwe kukuqiqa kunye nokucinga, azange bakwenze oko ngamava ovavanyo okanye kuvavanyo. UDemocritus kwimodeli yakhe, utyhile ukuba imizimba yenziwe ngezinto ezimbini kuphela, iiathom ezibenza babumbe, kunye nokushiyeka phakathi kwabo.