Yeyiphi indlela esemgangathweni? Imvelaphi, iiMpawu kunye neTeknoloji

Ukuze anelise isidingo sakhe sokuchaza imeko-bume engqongileyo, umntu uphuhlise izixhobo zokuchaza ngokuzeleyo imeko yakhe, ebhengeza ukugqwesa ekumeleni ngokusebenzisa iifomula kunye namanani, nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke izinto ezinokuthi zichazwe ngale ndlela, kwaye ayingabo bonke abaphandi abaziva bekhululekile xa bedibanisa kwaye bevakalisa izimvo zabo ngokwamanani, ngenxa yesi sizathu indlela esemgangathweni yaphuhliswa, ukulungiselela ukugubungela ezo ndawo zisindileyo kwindlela yezibalo, le yimbono yobuntu, kuba ithathela ingqalelo into ihlala ihoywa kwindlela yemathematics, eyi ukuqonda Inani labemi, elinika umbono owahlukileyo, oxabisekileyo kwisifundo esipheleleyo, esigubungela zonke ii-angles ezinokubakho.

Uhlalutyo olusemgangathweni lolwentlalo, kuba eyona ndlela yokulinganisa kukujonga kwabantu abaphantsi kwesifundo, okanye abo babone imeko ukuba ivavanywe.

Imvelaphi yeendlela ezisemgangathweni

Indlela esemgangathweni, njengoko eli gama libonisa, ifuna ukuchaza iimpawu zento ethile enomdla, kodwa, Uqale njani ukusebenzisa le ndlela? Imvelaphi yophando olusemgangathweni inezinto ezichaseneyo neenkcubeko zamaGrike namaRoma kunye nemiba eyahlukeneyo yale ndlela iyaziwa kwimisebenzi kaHerodotus noAristotle.

Kwilinge lokusondeza isayensi yezentlalo kufutshane necandelo lezenzululwazi, iinzame zenziwe ngeendlela ngeendlela zokuhlengahlengisa le mimandla kwizixhobo kunye neendlela zokwenza umlinganiso; Ngesi sizathu, kweli nqanaba, kubakho iingxoxo kunye neengxoxo malunga nobungqingili besayensi yezentlalo, ukudityaniswa kolwazi kunye nokusebenza. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, indlela entsha yophando iyavela, enefuthe kwi-anthropological, oku kudala ubuntununtunu kunye nokwamkelwa kweendlela ezintsha.

Nangona kunjalo, yayiphakathi kwee-1960s kunye nee-1970s, ngokunyuka kwesayensi yezentlalo, apho uyilo lophando, lolu hlobo, alukhokelanga kwinkcazo yemathematics, apho iindlela ezifanelekileyo zaqala ukwenziwa. Inzululwazi eziphambili ezithe zangena ekusetyenzisweni kweendlela zolu hlobo yayiyingqondo kunye nesosioloji, kwaye ngale ndlela, ngokuthe ngcembe, indlela esemgangathweni iyaqala ukukhula.

Izixhobo

• Iqokelela idatha engacwangciswanga engenakuxhomekeka kuhlalutyo lwamanani kunye / okanye lwamanani.
• Isekwe kukuxabisa kwabantu.
• Ngokujonga ngokuthe ngqo kunye nohlalutyo lolwazi olunikiweyo, ilizwe lokwenyani lifundelwa ukumisela ithiyori.
• Abasebenzi ngokuvavanya i-hypothesis.
• Inkqubo yophando ayisoloko ichazwa ngokucacileyo emva kokuba ingxaki iphakanyisiwe, kuba iindlela zayo azichanekanga ngendlela yobungakanani kwaye imibuzo yophando ayisoloko ichazwa ngokupheleleyo.
• Uphando oluguquguqukayo luyaqhutywa.
• Umphandi ungena kumava abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye akhe ulwazi, uhlala eyazi ukuba yinxalenye yesenzeko esifundwe.
• Abafuni ukukhetha iziphumo ngokubanzi ngendlela enokwenzeka, olu hlobo lophando ludla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezivulekileyo.
• Akukho buqhetseba okanye ukuvuselela inyani, ngaloo ndlela kuvavanywa ukukhula kwendalo yeziganeko.

Iindlela zohlalutyo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, nangona ukuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye nohlalutyo zihlala ziphathwa ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo, enyanisweni, kwindlela enjalo, le misebenzi mibini inxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Kuphononongo lwendalo, ngokuchaseneyo, ukufumana idatha kwandulela uhlalutyo lwabo, kwaye kunokuba nzima ukwenza zombini iinkqubo ngaxeshanye; Nangona kunjalo, kuphando olusemgangathweni kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ezi nkqubo zimbini zihlala zithambeka, okanye zithathelwe ingqalelo njengenxalenye yomsebenzi ofanayo, kuba umphandi kufuneka avavanye kwaye ahlalutye indlela adibana ngayo nomthombo obabonelelayo, ethatha oku, inqaku lendawo malunga nokutolikwa okwenziwayo, okunokuthi kuvule imiba emitsha yokufunda okanye yokuphonononga. Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokuqokelela idatha kuvula amathuba amatsha, iziphumo ezingalindelekanga, okanye imiba evelayo.

Phakathi kwezixhobo ezikhoyo kumphandi oqhuba uphando olusemgangathweni, kukho:

Udliwano-ndlebe 

Ziqulathe ingxoxo phakathi kwabantu ababini okanye nangaphezulu, apho abathathi-nxaxheba bathatha iindima ezimbini ezichazwe kakuhle, omnye wabo ufuna ukufumana ulwazi kumngeneleli wakhe, ke yena ubuza uthotho lwemibuzo kwaye aqale incoko.

Udliwanondlebe aluqwalaselwa njengencoko eqhelekileyo, kodwa isimilo esisemthethweni senziwa kulo, ngenjongo, enezinjongo ezibandakanyiweyo ezibandakanyiweyo kuphando. Ukujonga ubume kunye noyilo, sinokuthi bahlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Yakhiwe: Ifuna ukucwangciswa kwendlela udliwanondlebe oluya kuphuhla ngayo, imibuzo eza kubuzwa icwangcisiwe, kwaye ngexesha lokuqhutywa kwayo udliwanondlebe usebenza njengemodareyitha, ethintela ukukhula kuphambuke koko kuchaziweyo kucwangciso. Iphawulwa ngokuphathwa kwemibuzo evaliweyo (ewe, hayi okanye impendulo emiselweyo).  
• Yakhiwe ngokwesiqingatha: Kumiselwe kwangaphambili ukuba loluphi ulwazi olufanelekileyo ofuna ukulifumana. Imibuzo evulekileyo iyabuzwa kuvulwa umntu ekwenziwe udliwanondlebe naye ukuze angene kwimpendulo, ivumela ukuba kuphazamisane nemixholo, kodwa ifuna ingqwalaselo enkulu kwicala lomphandi ukuze akwazi ukuhambisa izihloko zomdla.
• Engacwangciswanga: Ngaphandle kweskripthi sangaphambili, kwaye ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili ngalo mbandela, injongo yodliwanondlebe kukufumana ulwazi oluninzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Udliwanondlebe luyakha njengoko luqhubeka, kwaye iimpendulo kunye nesimo sengqondo sodliwanondlebe sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo. Ifuna ulungiselelo olukhulu kwicala lomphandi, ngaphambili ebhala yonke into echaphazela izihloko ekuxoxwe ngazo.

Ukulungiselela udliwanondlebe

Impumelelo yokuphunyezwa kwesi sixhobo senkqubo esemgangathweni isekwe ekucwangcisweni, ke kubalulekile ukuba ucace malunga nenjongo yayo, kwaye uchaze into esifuna ukuyifumana ngayo. Amanyathelo ekufuneka elandelwe ukulungiselela udliwanondlebe achazwe apha ngezantsi:

1. Chaza iinjongo: Yintoni ekufuneka siyazi? Ukucacisa lo mbandela, amaxwebhu ezinto ekufuneka kujongwane nazo abalulekile.
2. Chonga abantu ekwenziwa udliwano-ndlebe nabo: Chaza iimpawu zabemi esizidingayo ukuze siqhube isifundo, kwaye sikhethe lowo unephrofayili yakhe ihambelana nomxholo wophando.
3. Buza imibuzo: Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olulawulwa ngumngeneleli, ukumisa imeko yemibuzo ukuphepha ukungaqondakali. Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo imibuzo iya kuthatha isigqibo kwimpumelelo yokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo.
4. Beka indawo apho udliwanondlebe luya kuqhutyelwa khonaQwalasela iimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokuxhasa udliwanondlebe. Kulumkele ukuphazamisa izinto ezithintela ukukhula kwabo.
5. Uhlobo lwemibuzo: Zeziphi ezifanelekileyo ezilingana nenjongo ecetywayo? Ngaba uza kubuza imibuzo evulekileyo, imibuzo evaliweyo, okanye ukudibanisa zombini?

Ukujonga

Ukujongwa ngokuthe ngqo kwesi siganeko siphantsi kwesifundo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kule ndawo, kuba isinika ulwazi malunga neempawu zayo kunye nezinto ezichaphazelayo. Unesakhono sokuchaza nokuchaza isimilo, efumene idatha eyoneleyo nethembekileyo ehambelana nokuziphatha, iminyhadala kunye / okanye iimeko ezichongwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye zafakwa kwimeko yethiyori.

Izixhobo

• Yinkqubo yokuxhotyiswa ngokugqwesa, ngokwesiko kwaye kwangaxeshanye isetyenziswa kakhulu.
• Ubudlelwane obuphathekayo kunye nobunzulu buyasekwa phakathi komphandi kunye nenyaniso yentlalontle okanye abalingisi kwezentlalo, ekufunyanwa kuyo idatha edityanisiweyo ukuze kuphuhliswe uphando.
• Isekwe ekusetyenzisweni kwemvakalelo yokubona, kwaye ifuna ukukhula kwezakhono ezinomdla.

Ukuhlelwa kwemibuzo oza kuyibuza

Imibuzo inokuhlelwa ngokomxholo wayo, iphakamisa:

• Imibuzo yokuchonga: Ngabo banqwenela ukubuza malunga neempawu zomntu ekwenziwa udliwanondlebe naye. Umzekelo: ubudala, isini, uqeqesho, ubuzwe, njl.
• Imibuzo ethile: Ukubhekisa kwiziganeko ezithile, ziluhlobo lwemibuzo evaliweyo.
• Imibuzo yentshukumo: Ukubhekisa kwimisebenzi yabaphenduli.
• Imibuzo yolwazi: Zenza uphando kulwazi lwabaphenduli.
• Imibuzo eneenjongo: Ukwazi iinjongo zabaphenduli malunga nomxholo ochaphazelekayo.
• Imibuzo yeZimvo: Ivumela umphenduli ukuba aveze oko bakucingayo ngesihloko.
• Ukuqokelelwa kwamaxwebhu: Idatha iqokelelwa kwimithombo yesibini, echazwa njengeencwadi, iincwadana zeendaba, iimagazini, iincwadana kunye namaphephandaba, ethathwa njengemithombo yokuqokelela idatha kwizinto eziguquguqukayo zomdla.

Amanqanaba okuqonda

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kophando, kolu hlobo lwendlela kusingathwa amanqanaba amathathu okufunda, apho uhlalutyo lwezinto, izinto kunye nezifundo ebezisisiseko solwazi lwenziwa ngokulandela ezi ndlela zintathu, ukuze fumana umbono wembonakalo yalo:

• Ukuqonda okuyintloko: Iintsingiselo zemihla ngemihla zabadlali bezentlalo okanye abathathi-nxaxheba kuphando. Isekwe kwiimpawu ezizodwa zento nganye ethatha inxaxheba, kuba ukuqonda kunye nokuqonda komntu wonke kusekwe kwimeko yovavanyo olwenziwe lulwalamano lwabo nendalo esingqongileyo, izinto ezichasayo kunye nezinye izinto.
• Ukuqonda ukutolika: Ithetha ukuba umphandi unika ukuqonda okuzimeleyo kwabathathi-nxaxheba, ngophando olunzulu, apho kwenziwa khona uhlalutyo lwehlabathi kwiziphumo ezifunyenweyo, zezinto ezimisele ukufunyanwa kolwazi, kunye nokuziphatha kwezifundo xa unikezela ngokufanayo, njl.
• Ukuqonda okuqinisekileyo: Intsingiselo yokuba umphandi unikezela kwiinyani ezifanelekileyo kwimeko. Isekwe kutoliko lwezigqibo zangaphambili, eziphuhliswe kukuqonda okutolikayo.