Zizinto ezincinci ezinokukhula kuzo zonke iintlobo zemeko-bume, ukongeza ekubeni ziimilo kunye nobukhulu obahlukeneyo, iibhaktheriya zizinto ezingena-cellular ezingenako ukuba nenusus, kwaye zilinganise malunga ne-0,5 kunye ne-5 micrometer ubude.
Imijikelo ye-biochemical ixhomekeke kubhaktiriya, kuba iyakwazi ukuqhuba umjikelo weatrogen yomoya, inamandla okuba neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinjenge vibrios, bacilli, cocci kunye spirilli. Ukuphefumla yenye yezona nkqubo zibaluleke kakhulu zaso nasiphi na isidalwa esiphilayo okanye into ephilayo, kwaye zinokuphefumla ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokwasemoyeni nangokweemvakalelo, konke kuxhomekeke kuhlobo ekuthethwa ngalo nangendlela ekhula ngayo.
Ezi zezinye zezona zidalwa zininzi kuwo wonke umhlaba, kwinyani elula yokuba ziiseli ze-eukaryotic, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezifana nezityalo, izilwanyana, phakathi kwezinye. Iibhaktheriya ziyatshintsha kwaye zihlele ngokwemo yazo, apho inkcazo emfutshane nganye nganye iya kunikwa apha ngezantsi.
Ziziphi iintlobo zebhaktheriya?
Iivibrios
Banobume obufana ncam nobo bethontsi, njengaleyo yokuthambisa okanye yokuhla kwenyanga okanye eyaziwa njengesiqingatha senyanga. Bayakwazi ukuvelisa izifo ezosulelayo, ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokwetyisa kunye nekholera, ebangela ukuba umntu osulelekileyo aphathwe kukugabha kwanotyatyazo, ezi zifunyanwa kwiindawo ezinomyinge omncinci wamanzi amileyo netyuwa.
Bacilli
Ezi zibonakaliswa ngokuba nentonga efana nentonga okanye imilo efana nesebe. Zahlulahlulwe zaziindidi ezimbini, ezixhomekeke kumgangatho othile onokuthi ubonise, kunye noku kulandelayo:
- Okubi kakhulu: yibacteria engenakho ukubambelela kwiindonga zeseli, kwaye ayonakalisi mfusa ngokwebala legran.
- Kulungile: Yibacteria ekwaziyo ukuzincamathelisa kwiindonga zeseli kunye nokuzicola ngombala we-violet.
Ngenxa yokuba zintsholongwane ye-pathogenic, i-bacilli kwezinye iimeko ayinakho ukuvelisa izifo kumntu oyithweleyo.
Iicoconut
Banobume obungqingqwa, obufana nebhola, obunokubangela izifo ezinje: pneumococcus kunye ne-staph. Ezi zimbini zimbini ezahlulwe ngokobume bazo:
- Amaqhinga: ziibhaktheriya ezi-4 kunye (zahlulahlulwe ngokungafaniyo).
- Iimpawu: Zimbini kuphela iintsholongwane, ezihlala zihlala kunye, ngababini.
- IiSarcinas: zibonakaliswa ngokuba zii-cubic grouping.
Imimoya
Ezi zinemilo eguqukayo, enokunxulumana nee-eddies, Zizo uvakalelo kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye zithunyelwa ngokuthe ngqo, kuba ngelixesha lokwenza unxibelelwano nokusingqongileyo banokufa, ezi zingaphezulu kwazo zonke ezo zosulelo ngokwesondo, njengegcushuwa umzekelo.
Iibhaktheriya zineentlobo ezininzi ze-metabolism, oku kungenxa yokuhlelwa kwee-microorganisms zeselula, kunye nokuqala kwekhabhoni, phakathi kwazo zi:
- Iimpawu ezizenzekelayo: ubophelela kwikhabhon dayoksayidi kwaye ufumane icarbon ecocekileyo.
- Iifototrophs: Basebenzisa ukukhanya ngenkqubo yefotosinthesis njengezityalo.
- IiHeterotrophs: basebenzisa iikhompawundi eziphilayo ukuzondla.
- IiChemotrophs: banophawu lokuqhuba zombini iintlobo zokuphefumla, kunye ne-aerobic kunye ne-anaerobic, ngenkqubo yemichiza enokuthi yenziwe kuphela yile.
Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba iintsholongwane ziyakwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona, njengoko zizinto ezizii-unicellular, azinakukhetha ngaphandle kokungena kwinkqubo yokwandisa okanye yokukhula, emva koko zenza ukwahlulwahlulwa, apho i-DNA iphinda-phinda kwaye icytoplasm iyahlula, kukhokelela kwiseli entsha kuyo, ehlala ibizwa ngokuba ziiseli zeentombi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iibhaktheriya ezitshintshisa kuphela izinto zofuzo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo enzima ebizwa ngokuba yi-bacterial conjugation.
Indlela yokuphefumla ibhakteria
Kuba abanayo i-mitochondria, eyiyo i-organelles inoxanduva lokuhlanganisa amandla ngokusekwe kwimisebenzi yeselir, Iibhaktheriya zisebenzisa i-plasma membrane yazo ukuphefumla, kodwa zimbini iindlela, eziza kuchazwa ngezantsi:
Uhlobo lweAerobic lwebacteria yokuphefumla
Kule hlobo, iibhaktheriya zisebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo i-cytoplasm ukwenza inkqubo yokuphefumla, iibhaktheriya ze-aerobic zihlala zingenayo i-mitochondria, kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba bathathe i-oksijini ngqo kwi-membrane yabo, ebanceda ukuba bathathe amandla abalulekileyo kwi-glucose.
Ikwasebenzisa iswekile njengomthombo onamandla, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngenkqubo yokuthotywa kwemichiza entsonkothileyo, enokuchazwa ngokwamanqanaba amabini:
- Umjikelo weKrebs: Inkqubo yokuphefumla yenzeka ngaphakathi kwimitochondria kunye nobukho beoksijini.
- Uthutho lwe-Electron: inkqubo yokuphefumla yenzeka kwindalo ye-mitochondria, esebenza njengokukhutshwa kwamandla.
- IGlycolysis: inkqubo yokuphefumla yale nkqubo yenziwa ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria ngaphandle kokufumana ubukho beoksijini.
Indlela ka-Anaerobic yokuphefumla kweebhaktheriya
Ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lweebhaktheriya alunazo ii-organelles zokuqhuba ukutshintshiselana ngegesi okuyimfuneko, iibacteria ze-anaerobic zibonakaliswa ngenkqubo yokuvumba ethi kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba ayizizo zonke, ioksijini inokubabulala.
Oku kubangela ukulahleka kweoksijini kwiimolekyuli. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo zokuphefumla kwezi bhakteriya ziveliswa kukuvundiswa kwe-lactic kunye nokubila kotywala.
- Ukubila kweleactic: Eyona nto iphambili kuyo yinkcitha yobisi kwaye iyakwazi ukuguqula iswekile ibe ngamandla emetabolism ebaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwayo, kwaye yonke le nkqubo yenzeka kwisytoplasm yeeseli.
- Ukubila kotywala: Yinkqubo ye-anaerobic eveliswa sisenzo segwele kwaye, emva koko, bayakwazi ukuguqula iswekile ibe butywala.