Igazi sisicubu esivuselelekayo esiyinxalenye yezinto eziphilayo, kwaye iiseli eziyinxalenye yeli candelo ziveliswa kumongo wethambo ngokuqhubekayo. Njengoko sonke sisazi, igazi liphumeza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo, njengokuzikhusela kusulelo, ukutshintshiselana ngegesi kunye nokusasazwa kwezondlo.
Ngaba uyazi ukuba igazi lenziwe ngeseti yeeseli kwisisombululo se-colloidal? Ewe, igazi liqulathe ukwakheka kweselfowuni okwenziwe ikakhulu ziiseli ezimhlophe ezibomvu zegazi, ezixhonywe kulwelo olunempilo nolunesondlo. Le ndlela yolwelo yaziwa ngokuba yiplasma.
Nangona ngokubanzi sicinga ngoluvo ngendlela yehlabathi ngaphandle kokujonga izinto zalo ngokwahlukeneyo, inyani kukuba iplasma ngokwayo iyinto efezekisa imisebenzi emininzi yokubaluleka kokusebenza komzimba.
Inkcazo yeplasma njengenxalenye yegazi
I-plasma yegazi lulwelo olunento enetyiwa, tyheli okanye umbala o-amber ngombala, wokukhanya okuguqukayo, ekuthiwa kuwo izinto ezibizwa ngokuba "ziifom", ezenza indawo yeseli yegazi. Ayililo iqhezu lolwelo kuphela elibalulekileyo, ikwangoyena ubalaseleyo, kuba yenza iipesenti ezingama-55 zenani lilonke legazi.
Owona msebenzi uphambili weli candelo kuku ukuthutha izondlo kunye nenkunkuma kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo.
Ukwakhiwa kweplasmaYenziwe sisisombululo esinamanzi, sombala wecolloidal, owenziwe ngama-91% amanzi, nezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonywe kuwo. Kuye kwagqitywa ukuba inesisindo esifana nesamanzi, nangona siphezulu kancinci, kuba izinto eziqinileyo ezikhoyo, ezinje ngeeproteni, zichaphazela i-viscosity.
Elona candelo likhulu linyibilikisiwe lenziwe ziiproteni (8%), phakathi kwazo esinokuthiya ngegama:
- IiglobulinZidityanisiwe esibindini kwaye zenza izilwa-buhlungu ezichasene nezifo ezosulelayo.
- Ifibrinogen: Ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxinaneni, le proteni yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeplasma.
- IiAlbin: Bamele iipesenti ezingama-60 zeeproteni zeplasma, njengoko ezidlulileyo zivela kwisibindi, kwaye indima yabo kukuqhuba ukuthuthwa kweepids kunye ne-hormone ye-steroid. Baye babekwa uxanduva kwiinkqubo ezinje ngoxinzelelo lwe-oncotic, ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ulungelelwaniso kulwelo olunkcenkceshela amalungu.
- Lipoproteins. Zinefuthe lokungqubana, ukutshintsha utshintsho kwi-pH egazini.
Kukwabalulekile ukukhankanya la macandelo enza umyinge ophantsi (umkhondo), we-1% kuphela yenani leplasma, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba ubazi: ii-carbohydrate, lipids, iihomoni, ii-enzymes, i-urea, isodiyam, i-potassium kunye neecarbonates.
Ukukhutshwa kwePlasma
Kuqhelekile ukubhidisa iplasma yegazi kunye nolwelo lomgaqo-siseko owahlukileyo obizwa ngokuba yi-serum, kuba zombini zivela kwigazi, nangona kunjalo umahluko osisiseko phakathi kokubini kukwenziwa, kuba iplasma yinxalenye engamanzi yegazi ngaphandle kokujiya, ngenxa yoko , inomgaqo-siseko osondlo ngakumbi, ngelixa i-serum iyinxalenye engamanzi yegazi elijiyileyo, ngenxa yoko linazo izinto ezinjenge-fibrinogen.
Xa igazi litsalwa kwimithambo yegazi, lihlala ixesha elincinci kwimeko yolwelo; Ukuthintela ukujiya kungenzeki, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubhenela ekongezeni izinto ze-anticoagulant ezifana ne-heparin, isodium citrate, kunye ne-ethyldiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Emva koko, igazi elingagutyungelwanga ligxunyekwe phakathi kusetyenziswa iityhubhu zeWintrobe, apho iiseli zihlala khona ezantsi kumbhobho.
Njengemveliso yale nkqubo, siqwalasele izigaba ezithathu ezahlukileyo kumbhobho: enye inombala we-amber esezantsi (iplasma) ebekwe phezulu, embindini sifumana isigaba esimhlophe esimhlophe esenziwe ngeplatelet, kwaye ezantsi, isigaba seseli esixinene ngakumbi ngombala obomvu.
Ukusetyenziswa kweplasma
Kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezonyango, izazinzulu ziye zasebenzisa ithuba lokuvelisa iiplasma kunyango lweemeko zolusu, ukusebenza kwayo njenge-arhente yokujiya kukwavumile ukuphuhliswa konyango kwizigulana ezinesifo sehematological, esivumele ukuba siphucule umgangatho waso. yobomi, kuba banokwenza imisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla ngesiqhelo.
Izinto eziphilayo: Olu nyango lusekwe kusetyenziso lweplasma yegazi kunyango lweengxaki zokuxinana okunje ngehemophilia kunye neeprayimari ze-immunodeficiency. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwandisiwe kunyango lweengxaki zemithambo-luvo.
Inkqubo yobuhle: Iplasma eluswini ivuselele i-fibroblast, equlathe icandelo elikhuthaza ukuqina kwayo, njengelona candelo liphambili lolusu, elonyusa imveliso ye-hyaluronic acid, i-elastin kunye ne-collagen, ebambezela ukuguga, kwaye oku kukhokelela kunciphiso. imibimbi, ukugogeka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunyango lweempawu ezolulekileyo kuye kwasasazeka. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela, kwimeko yolusu oluncinci, okanye njengonyango lokuhlaziya kulusu oludala.
Ukusetyenziswa kweplatelet etyebileyo ngeplasma yinkqubo ethile, okuthetha ukuba kufuneka ikhutshwe kwigazi lesigulana, oku kwenzelwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-allergies kunye nokwaliwa unyango. Yinkqubo eyinkqubo engenabuhlungu kunye neyokugula; kufuneka imizuzu engama-45 ukuya kuma-60.
Le ndawo ikwabandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunyango lokonzakala kolusu okubangelwa kukutsha.
Unyango lweedolo osteoarthritis: Ukujonga isenzo sayo ekunciphiseni ukuqina kunye nokuhlaziya kwakhona kwi-cartilage, iindlela zonyango ziye zaphuhliswa apho ukusetyenziswa kweplasma yegazi kuye kwathandwa kunyango lwe-osteoarthritis emadolweni, ukubona ukuba ukubuyiswa kuyathandwa ukuya kuthi ga kuma-73% amatyala.
Imisebenzi yegazi
Uninzi lwemisebenzi yayo luphuma kwisenzo seeproteni eziqulethwe kolwelo. Ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokufaneleka kombutho kuchazwe ngezantsi:
Ukudibanisa: Ukuxinana ngokuyimfuneko yindlela yokuzikhusela emzimbeni, apho iqokobhe lenza ubunzima obuqinileyo, obomeleleyo obuvalela imithambo yegazi eyaphukileyo. IPlasma iyangenelela kule nkqubo, kuba inegalelo kwizinto ezintathu ezingenelela ngendlela ebalulekileyo, njengeprothrombin, fibrinogen kunye neion calcium. Ngexesha lokuqina, iprothrombin kunye ne-calcium ion (Ca ++) zenza ifrombin, eyiprotheyini ejongene nokuguqula i-fibrinogen (ngokudibeneyo ne-calcium) ibe yimisonto engenakunyibilika, eyenza uthungelwano olunemilinganiselo emithathu olubamba ii-erythrocyte kunye neeukocyte, eziqala oko ubunzima obunzima be-fibrin kunye neeseli zegazi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-clot.
Ezothutho: Kuba ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwezinongo, iigesi kunye nenkunkuma eveliswa kwinkqubo ye-metabolic kunye neeselfowuni. Ngokubanzi, lo msebenzi wokuhambisa yile nto ikhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngezinto phakathi kwamalungu.
Umsebenzi we-Electrochemical: Iiproteni zePlasma ziyafumaneka kwindalo, kwaye ke zigcinwa kwigumbi leemithambo, kwaye oku kunefuthe ngqo kuxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. Xa ezi proteni, zineemolekyuli ezinkulu, zingasasazeki ngokusebenzisa inwebu engena ngaphakathi, ubukho bazo kule ndawo butshintsha ukuhanjiswa kwamasuntswana e-ionic. Le propati ichaza indima yayo kummiselo we-electrolyte.
Uxinzelelo lwe-Oncotic: Ukugcinwa kolu hlobo loxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic, iiproteni ezintywiliselwe kwi-plasma, zenza isiphumo esithe ngqo, njengoko besitshilo kwinto engaphambili, kuxinzelelo lwe-osmotic.. Kwaye eso siphumo sinxulunyaniswa nokushukuma kwezi molekyuli zikhulu kwimithambo yegazi. Iiprotheyini zikhupha uxinzelelo, kuba ukuhamba kwamanzi kwenzeka kukhuthazwa yi-gradient, oko kukuthi, iqondiswe kwindawo enokubanamandla amakhulu ukuya kokuncinci, ke ngoko, amanzi emzimbeni womntu aya kuhlala esiya kwindawo apho kukuxinana okuphezulu kwezinto ezithile ezichithakeleyo.
Kwimeko yeeproteni eziqulethwe kwiPlasma, kuyenzeka ukuba kukho uxinizelelo oluphezulu kwiplasma xa kuthelekiswa nolwelo lwangaphakathi (olunguye ohlamba iiseli zezicubu), ezenza amanzi kulwelo ukungena ukulawula uxinzelelo lwamanzi kumacala omabini eludonga lwe-capillary. Ngale ndlela, umthamo weplasma yomntu kunye nomthamo wegazi lilonke uyagcinwa.