Yintoni molality kwaye isebenza njani?

Kweli sebe lesayensi, isolality iyaziwa ngokuxinana kwento, ekunokwenzeka ngayo ukuba ichaze ubuninzi besolute efunekayo ukuze kunyibilike enye into, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba le yunithi ebonelelwe yiNkqubo yeHlabathi. Iiyunithi.

Ngokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwesandi, yazi uxinzelelo ngqo lwento ethile, kananjalo kuya kubakho ukuseka ukuba yintoni ubunzima bento enyibilikayo, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda inginginya yezi zinto zimbini (isinyibilikisi kunye nesinyibilikisi) kunye nemixholo yazo.

Inkqubo yokulungiselela ukumisela ubuninzi bezinto ayiqhelekanga njengeyokuhamba, kuba akukho mfuneko yokusebenzisa iflaskum yevolumu, kodwa kunoko, kusetyenziswa ibhetshi kunye nokulinganisela kohlalutyo. ulinge.

I-Molality inezibonelelo ngaphezulu kwe-molarity, kuba enkosi kwiindlela zayo ayixhomekekanga kwizinto ezichaphazela ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, kuba ayisekelwanga ikakhulu kubalo lwevolumu kwizinto ezifundwayo.

Isolality (Uxinzelelo)

I-Molality ichazwa njengokuxinana kwesisombululo, ngokucacileyo sithetha ngokweekhemikhali, ezibhekisa kwi ubudlelwane okanye inani elinokubakho phakathi kwezinto ezimbini, aziwa kolu lwimi njengesisombululo kunye nesisombululo, okanye icandelo eliza kuchithwa.

I-Molality iyaziwa njengegama elisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba kuqhutywa uxinzelelo, olubandakanya ukonyusa inani lesinyibilikisi, ngelixa inkqubo echaseneyo yaziwa ngokuba kukungxenga.

Ukuqonda okungcono kwale nkqubo, into ekuthiwa sisinyibilikisi iyanyibilika, ngelixa isinyibilikisi yiyo yonke loo nto inakho ukunyibilikisa abanye. Ukupheliswa, sisiphumo somxube ofanayo owawenziwe ngaphambili ngezi zinto zimbini sele zikhankanyiwe.

Ngelixa kukho isixa esincinci se-solute kumxube, isezantsi uxinizelelo, kwaye xa sithetha ngesixa esinyibilikayo kwisinyibilikisi, uxinzelelo luya kuba ngokulinganayo, oko kuthetha ukuba isisombululo asiyonto ingaphezulu komxube ofanayo phakathi mhlawumbi ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu izinto.

Ukunyibilika

Eli ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuseka elona xabiso liphezulu lesinyibilikisi esinokubakho kwisinyibilikisi, esixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezithile ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu okanye uxinzelelo olunokusingqongileyo okanye izinto ezifanayo ezinokubonisa, kunye nezinye izinto ezichithwe ngaphambili. abakwimeko yokunqunyanyiswa.

Kungenxa yokuba kukho isixa esithile apho isinyibilikisi singekhe siphinde sinyibilike sisinyibilikisi, kwaye xa oku kusenzeka kugqityiwe ukuba into igcwele ngokupheleleyo, umzekelo woku kunokuba xa icephe leswekile longezwa iglasi yamanzi, ukuba umxholo uyashukuma kuya kubakho ukuqaphela ukuba iswekile inyibilika njani, kodwa ukuba into leyo yongezwa iya kuqaphela indlela iswekile eya kuyeka ngayo ukunyibilika kwaye iya kuhlala idada emanzini, kude kube yindawo apho ifikelela khona emazantsi eglasi. Le nkqubo inokuphinda iqhubeke kwakhona ukuba amaqondo obushushu atshintshiwe, umzekelo ngokufudumeza amanzi, kuba le nkqubo inokutshintshwa ngeqondo lobushushu, ewe, ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye ukuba amanzi apholile, isiphumo siya kuba Iswekile encinci inyibilika emanzini.

Zeziphi iindlela zokubonisa ukungunda?

Zimbini zikhoyo iindlela ezisisiseko zokulinganisa uxinzelelo (molality) kwizinto, ezinamanani nobulunga, ibe yeyokuqala kubume bamanani, ezisetyenziswa xa ufuna ukwazi ubungakanani obuchanekileyo obufana nokulingana, ubume, ukuqheleka kunye neenxalenye kwisigidi, ngelixa ezobulunga zinamandla iziphumo, ke ubuninzi bezinto kwisisombululo abaziwa ncam.

Uxinzelelo oluninzi

Olu hlobo lolwazi lokulingana kobunzima kwizisombululo lusetyenziswa ikakhulu kuvavanyo lwezenzululwazi, nakwiinkqubo zeshishini, kuba zichanekile ngakumbi, kuba zibonisa izixa ezichanekileyo zezinto.

Ukusetyenziswa kwesayensi, kunye nemizi-mveliso enjengeekhemesti, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo olusemgangathweni akusebenzi, kuba aziboneleli ngenani elichanekileyo elimiselweyo kunye nezinto, kuba zinamandla kwaye azikho manani.

Imiqathango yesisombululo sobungakanani imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ngokwesiqhelo (N): Inani lezinto ezilinganayo kwisolute eziqulathwe kwilitha enye yesisombululo, enokuqwalaselwa ngolu hlobo: Ukulingana kwesolute / iilitha zesisombululo, ipropathi yayo ibe sisisombululo sesisombululo.
• Isimbuku: Inani leemoleyuli zesolute ngekhilogram yesinyibilikisi, enokuthi iqatshelwe njenge: IiMoleyuli zesinyibilikisi / iikhilogram zesisombululo, ipropathi yayo isisindo sobunzima.
• Ubungakanani: Inani leemoleyuli zesolute eziqulethwe kwilitha enye yesinyibilikisi, esinokujongwa njenge: Iinyengana zesinyibilikisi / iilitha zesisombululo, ipropathi yayo ibe sisisombululo sesisombululo
• Ipesenti yobunzima: Ubunzima beeyunithi zesolute eziqulethwe kwiiyunithi ezili-100 zesisombululo, ezinokuthi zibonwe njenge: Iigrama zesolute / iigramu ezili-100 zesisombululo, ipropathi yayo isisisindo sobunzima.
• Ukuxinana ngokobunzima: Ubunzima besolute equlethwe kwiyunithi yevolumu yesisombululo, enokujongwa njenge: Iigrama zesolute / iilitha zesisombululo, ipropathi yayo ibe sisisombululo sesisombululo.

Iindlela zokubonisa uxinzelelo kwezi ndlela zinobungakanani bobungakanani beepesenti kunye nomthamo wevolumu, kunye nomthamo wobunzima, kunye nokuchaneka esele kwaziwa, ubumnandi, ubume, ukuqheleka, iqhekeza lomhlathi. Xa izixa zincinci ngokwenyani, zichazwa njengezahlulo kwisigidi, isigidigidi okanye isigidigidi, imizobo yabo yemizobo ilandelelana ngolu hlobo: PPM, PPB, PPT.

Uxinzelelo olusemgangathweni

Ngale ndlela yokumisela ixabiso le-solute kwisinyibilikisi, ubuchule bamanani abusetyenziswanga ngenxa yoko iziphumo azichanekanga, kodwa endaweni yoko ziyaziwa ngokuba zezobuchwephesha, ezinokuhlelwa ngokuxhomekeke kwinani loxinzelelo, njengoko kulandelayo.

Isekiwe, igcwele kwaye igcwele

Ukugxininiswa kwezisombululo, okanye imixube eyohlobo olunye inokuhlelwa, kunjalo, ngokuthetha ngobunyibilikisi, kuxhomekeke ekubeni isisombululo siyanyibilika kwisinyibilikisi, sikhokelwa sisixa sayo.

• Isisombululo esiphakamileyo: Oku kubhekisa kwisisombululo esine solute engaphezulu kunesiqhelo, oko kukuthi, idlula umda ovunyelweyo, kungenxa yokuba imixube inokufudunyezwa, kwaye kuba iqondo lobushushu yinto echaphazela izisombululo, oku kunokufunxa ngakumbi phantsi kwezi meko, kwaye naxa sele ipholile inokuqhubeka nokuqulatha isixa esifanayo naxa kushushu, nangona inokuphazanyiswa nakukuhamba nje okuncinci, ukutshintsha ukwakheka kwayo, nokwenza isisombululo esigcweleyo.
• Isisombululo esigciniweyo: Kunokuthiwa umxube ugcwele, xa kukho ulingano phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezaziwa ngokuba sisinyibilikisi kunye nesinyibilikisi, oko kukuthi, inani lomlinganiso lanele, ke lihlala lizinzile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokutshintsha imeko yoxinzelelo lobushushu nibe nako ukugqiba.
• Isisombululo esingafakwanga: Olu hlobo lwesisombululo lunokwahlulwa xa isinyibilikisi singafikeleli kumanqanaba aphezulu okuphela, ngenxa yoko azinakho ukungxenga izinyibilikisi ngomthamo wazo opheleleyo.

Ngamanye amagama, kunokuthiwa izisombululo ezingafakwanga zizo ziqulathe isixa esincinci se-solute, kunokuba zinako ukunyibilika, izisombululo ezigcweleyo zezi ziqulathe elona xabiso liphezulu lesinyibilikisi esinokubakho kwisinyibilikisi, kubushushu obuthile , Kunye nezo zithatha indawo yazo zezi ziqulathe ngaphezulu kwesixa esivumelekileyo sesinyibilikisi, kubushushu obunikiweyo besi sihlandlo.

Ixutywe okanye yaxutywa

La magama ahlala esetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kuba ifayile ye thambisa izisombululo Ziyakwazi ukwahluka ngokuba buthathaka okanye kumanqanaba asezantsi, ngelixa sithetha ngesisombululo esigxile okanye esihlanganisiweyo, kuxa izinto zikumanqanaba aphezulu. Kuyatshiwo ukuba ezi zinto ziyindalo, ngenxa yoko amanqanaba oxinzelelo awaziwa ngokuchanekileyo, oku kungabonakaliswa ngemizekelo eyenzeka mihla le kubomi bemihla ngemihla, njengaxa ufuna ukwenza ilamunade ungabona ukuba ihlanjululiwe okanye kugxilwe ngombala wayo okanye incasa.

Ukuze uqonde ngakumbi ukuba zithini na ezi ntlobo zezisombululo, iikhonsepthi ezinikwe ngokweekhrayitheriya ziya kuboniswa apha ngezantsi, ezi zilandelayo.

• Isisombululo esicocekileyo: Yenye apho isinyibilikisi sinokuthathelwa ingqalelo kumanqanaba asezantsi ngokwenyani kwimiqulu ethile enikwe umsitho.
• Isisombululo esigxile: zezo apho isixa solute sinokuthakazelelwa ngcono kancinci, kuba zibalulekile.

Ezinye iindlela zokwazi ukugxila

Kukho izisombululo eziqheleke kakhulu kwamanye amasebe esayensi kunye nophando apho ezinye iindlela okanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zisetyenzisiwe, ngenxa yemiba ethile, phakathi koku kunokukhankanywa oku kulandelayo.

Isikali seBaumé

Esi sisikali esayilwa ngokukodwa ngusokhemesti kwaye kwangaxeshanye usokhemisti u-Antoine Baumé malunga ne-1768, kufutshane nomhla apho wakwazi ukwakha i-aerometer yakhe, awayidala ngenjongo yokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwezinto ezithile. Njengeeasidi kunye neesiraphu, izinto ezikweli nqanaba ziidigri zeBaumé, ezihlala zimelwe ngu-B okanye ngu-Bé.

Isikali seBrix

Eli nqanaba lisebenzisa njenge eyona nto iphambili iBrix degrees, ezihlala zifanekiselwa yi-Bx, kwaye owona msebenzi wazo kukumisela inani le-sucrose kwisisombululo, okt inani leswekile elinokunyibilika kulo naluphi na uhlobo lolwelo.

Ukuchonga inqanaba le-sucrose kulwelo, isixhobo esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-saccharimeter siyimfuneko, esikwaziyo ukulinganisa ukuxinana kolwelo, umzekelo, ukuba into ine-25 ye-Bx, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho iigram ezingama-25 ye-sucrose nge-100 yeegram zolwelo.

Eli linqanaba elenziwe ngokusekwe kwezinye izikali ezinakho ukulinganisa isolidi (ingxinano) yezisombululo, ezinje ngeBhola okanye isikali sePlato, iBrix luphawu lwezinto eziswiti, ezinje ngejusi yazo, iziqhamo, iwayini yeziqhamo nayo nayiphi na into efana nayo.

Ukuxinana

Ngokuchanekileyo akunakuthethwa ukuba ukuxinana yindlela yokucacisa ukuxinaniswa kwezinto, nangona inezimpawu ezilinganayo nezokuxinana, okoko ziphantsi koxinzelelo olufanayo kunye neemeko zobushushu, ngenxa yoku kunokubonwa ukuba iimeko ukuxinana kwezisombululo kuhlala kuthethwa endaweni yoxinzelelo.

Ukusetyenziswa koxinano akusebenzi kakhulu, kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa kwizisombululo ezibanzi kakhulu, Kunye nezinye iitafile zokuguqulwa koxinzelelo kubuninzi (ukugxila) kunokukhankanywa nangona ezi ndlela zingasasetyenziswa rhoqo.

Iinkcazo zepesenti ezisetyenzisiweyo kwezi nkqubo

Ezona pesenti zixhaphakileyo ezinokusetyenziselwa ukwenza ezinye zeemithambo ukumisela ukuxinana kwezisombululo zezi zobunzima, umthamo wevolumu kunye nomthamo wobunzima, nganye ineempawu zayo.

Ipesenti yevolumu yevolumu

Ngale nto kunokwenzeka ukuba wazi kwaye ubonakalise izixa zevolute yesolute enokuthi ibekho kwiiyunithi ezilikhulu zevolumu yesisombululo, ivolumu yiparameter ebaluleke kakhulu kolu hlobo lwezisombululo, kuba ezi zihlala ziqulathe izinto ezingamanzi okanye ezinegesi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungakanani bevolutiyamu yesolute ibhekisa kuwo onke amaxabiso esisombululo.

Ipesenti yobunzima

Oku kuchazwa ngokulula, kuba le pesenti ifuna ukuveza ubungakanani besolute, kwikhulu ngalinye leeyunithi ezisisisombululo, ukuqonda ngcono, ukuba ubeka iigram zetyuwa ezingama-20 kwiigram ezingama-80 zamanzi, uyakufumana ama-20. % yexabiso elipheleleyo lesisombululo kwisisombululo.

Ipesenti yevolumu yobunzima

Kule pesenti, izinto zayo zinokusetyenziselwa ukufumana iziphumo zokuba isisombululo esiya kuba yintoni, nangona kungacetyiswanga ukuba ungene kwinkqubo, kuba kwiimeko ezininzi kubangela ukudideka kubadlali.

Uxinzelelo (ubukhulu) bubunzima besinyibilikisi, bohlulwe ngumthamo wesisombululo ngekhulu leeyunithi, ngelixa uxinizelelo ngumthamo wesisombululo esahlulwe ngokobunzima bawo, kolu hlobo lweenkqubo zihlala ziboniswa ngeegram ngeemililitha ( g / ml)

Ukuze kwenziwe ubalo lwezi pesenti ngokuchanekileyo, ezi nkcazo zimbini zilandelayo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, ukufezekisa ulawulo olugqibeleleyo okanye olunempumelelo.

• Ulawulo lwesithathu luya kuhlala lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo esiphambili sokwenza ukubala kwale milinganiselo ichazwe ngasentla.
• Kuzo zonke iimeko isixa sobunzima besinyibilikisi kunye nobunzima besinyibilikisi bulingana nobunzima besisombululo, oku kuthetha ukuba isisombululo silingana nesixa sesinyibilikisi kunye nesinyibilikisi.

Eqhelekileyo

Oku kumelwe ngoonobumba N kwaye ichazwa njengenani lezinto ezilinganayo, phakathi komthamo wesisombululo kwiilitha, ukumela okulinganayo okusetyenziswa koonobumba eq-g, isinyibilikisi isifinyezo, ngelixa iilitha zisetyenziswa. imelwe ngokomfanekiso ngonobumba omkhulu uL.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ubukho beRedox Normality, edla ngokusetyenziswa njengempendulo kwiarhente ye-antioxidant okanye iarhente yokunciphisa.

Ubungakanani

Yaziwa njenge Uxinzelelo lwe-molar Imelwe ngokomzobo nge-capital M, ichazwa njengokumiselwa kwesixa solute yento nganye kwilitha nganye yesisombululo.

Le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo kwikhemistry esetyenziselwa ukumisela ukugxila kwezinto, ngakumbi xa usebenza nobudlelwane be-stoichiometric kunye nokuphendula kwamachiza, nangona ingxaki inokuthi ifumaneke kule nkqubo, bubushushu obusetyenziselwa izinto, nto leyo ihlala ihleli.

Okusesikweni

Oku kwaziwa njengobunzima beemolekyuli okanye ngakumbi kubuchwephesha njengobunzima be-formula-gram yenombolo enokufumaneka kwisisombululo, oku kuhlala kumelwe ngokomfanekiso kunye neempawu g7PFG.

Kwaye njengowokugqibela kwezi sineMolality, ethi, njengoko sele kwaziwa, linani leemolekyuli zesolute eziqulethwe yikhilogram nganye yesinyibilikisi.