Le khompawundi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso yehlabathi kangangokuba nokusetyenziswa kwayo kumisela inqanaba lophuhliso lwendawo kumazwe. Inqanaba lokuvelisa i-acid ye-sulfuric liphezulu kakhulu, kuba ineempawu ezininzi ezenza ukuba zibalasele ekwenziweni nasekuvelisweni kwezinto ezithile ezithandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Ineempawu ezenza ukuba zibe namandla amangalisayo amdlayo, yiyo loo nto inikwe igama layo.
KumaXesha Aphakathi eli qela lalisaziwa njenge vitriol oyile, ogama lakhe lalinikwe zii-alchemists zelo xesha, malunga ne-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth century, nazo zazizezona zinkulungwane zibalulekileyo, zibhekisa ekufunyanweni nasekufundweni kwemisebenzi yayo.
Kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufumana i-acid ye-sulphuric, eyinkqubo yegumbi elikhokelayo yeyona indala kunayo yonke le nto kuxhaphakile namhlanje ukubona le nkqubo, kuba amashishini amakhulu enza imveliso yezichumiso ayayisebenzisa ukulungiselela ukufunyanwa.
Inkqubo yokufumana le asidi inokuba yingozi kakhulu ukuba awazi ncam onke amanyathelo ekufuneka aziwe ukuba angaziphumeza, kuba ivelisa ubushushu obukhulu, kwaye umzimba wakho ubashushu kakhulu, ke Ukutshiza kunokubangela ukutsha kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-asidi sulfuric acid
Eli lelona qela lisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, ukuba lishishini elinamanqanaba aphezulu okusetyenziswa kwesulfuric acid abavelisi bezichumisi, olona phawu lomeleleyo koku kukuba licandelo elonakalisayo kakhulu, kwaye ifomula yalo yemichiza yi S2HO4.
I-Sulfuric acid yile Icandelo kunye nemveliso ephezulu kwihlabathi liphela, Oku kungenxa yokuba ineempawu ezithile ezivumela ukwandiswa kokuncipha kweemveliso ezivela kuyo, kananjalo inokusetyenziselwa ukudibanisa ezinye izinto ezinje ngeeasidi kunye neesulphate.
Kumaxesha amandulo ibisaziwa njengeoyile okanye umoya weVitriol, kuba ivela kule minerali, ngesiqhelo le nto ingafunyanwa kwisalfure dioxide ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-oxidation ene-nitrogen oxides kwisisombululo esinamandla, emva kokuyifumana Kuyimfuneko ukwenza ezinye iinkqubo ukwandisa uxinzelelo lwayo.
Iiathom ezibini zehydrojini ezinayo le molekyuli zinxulunyaniswe neeathom zeoksijini ezimbini, ezingadibananga kabini nesalfure. Kuxhomekeke kwisisombululo esikhoyo, ezi hydrogens zinokuzahlula.
Imolekyuli yeasidi inemilo ekhethekileyo yophiramidi, ebonakaliswa ngokuba neathom yesalfure embindini, ngelixa iiathom zehydrojeni zibonwa kwiimbombo zone. Emanzini, iziphatha njenge-asidi eyomeleleyo ekuzahlukaniseni kwayo okokuqala, ifumana njengesiphumo i-hydrogen-sulphate anion, nangona ukwahlulwa kwesibini kubonakala njengeasidi ebuthathaka, ekhokelela kwi-anion yesulfate.
Ukwenziwa kwesulphuric acid
Oku kunokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zorhwebo kwimiboniso eyahlukeneyo, ukuqala kwelona licocekileyo, kuzo zonke iintlobo zomxube onokubakho ovela kuwo, olinganiswa ngamanqanaba okusulungeka.
Ukuze wenze i-acid ye-sulfuric acid, kufuneka uye kwiinkqubo ezithile ukuyifumana, phakathi kwayo eyona yaziwayo, kwaye esetyenziswa kakhulu yile yegumbi elikhokelayo kunye nenkqubo yokunxibelelana, eyokuqala ekhankanyiweyo yeyona ndlela indala yokufumana eli khomputha. , kwaye namhlanje iyaqhubeka nokubaluleka kakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa, ngakumbi ngamashishini aphetheyo kwizichumisi.
Kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane eli khomputha kwiilebhu, oku kufezekiswa ngokudlulisa umsinga wegesi yesalfure dioxide, kwisisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide. Ukuxinana kweasidi yesulphuric ngale nkqubo yemveliso kufezekiswa ngomphunga wamanzi.
Inkqubo yoqhakamshelwano
Kule nkqubo yokufumana i-acid ye-sulfuric acid, kunokujongwa umxube weegesi eziqulathe uqikelelo phakathi kwe-7 ne-10 leepesenti le-SO2 , ngokomthombo wemveliso yayo, kwaye uqikelelo oluphakathi kwe-11 ne-13 yepesenti sele lucwecwe, kwaye lwakuba lucociwe lwangaphezulu, lunokudluliselwa kwisiguquli esinye okanye ezinye iibhedi ezincedisayo, oku kungenxa Umgaqo weplatinam, apho ukuyilwa kwe-SO kunokuboniswa3 Ngokwesiqhelo kusetyenziswa abaguquleli ababini okanye nangaphezulu kule nkqubo.
Ukuveliswa kwale khompawundi ngokutsha kwesalfure kuyathanda ukubonisa amandla alunge ngakumbi, okunganyanzelekanga ukuba alungelelaniswe neenkqubo zokucoca ezingqongqo, ethi kwezinye iimeko inyanzelwe le nkqubo.
Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi SO imveliso2 Ngokutshisa isalfuree, kwaye ngenye indlela eyaziwa ngokuba kukugcoba i-pyrites, ngakumbi ukuba ezi zi-arsenical, kungenxa yokuba eyesibini ishiya ukungcola okuninzi kwisiphumo sokugqibela esingenakupheliswa ngokupheleleyo.
Kwisityalo ekusebenzeni kwesiqhelo ukusebenza kokuguqulwa kwe-SO2 ukuya SO3 Amanqanaba ukusuka Iipesenti ezingama-96 neepesenti ezingama-97, ngenxa yokuba ukusebenza kwazo kuncipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, esi siphumo sinokuqatshelwa rhoqo kwizityalo apho kusetyenziswa iipyrites ezinomxholo ophezulu we-arsenic, ezingenakuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ikhompawundi, kwaye ke ngoko zihamba neerhasi eziwela kwi-catalysis Inkqubo, ebangela ukutyhefa kwe-catalyst, le yeyona nto ingunobangela wokuhla ngesiquphe kwintsebenzo.
Kwisiguquli sesibini iigesi zinexesha lokuhlala malunga nemizuzwana emi-2 ukuya kwemi-4, kwaye koku amaqondo obushushu kufuneka aqhelane phakathi kwama-500 nama-600 degrees celcius ukufezekisa ulingano olufanelekileyo rhoqo ukuze afezekise uguquko oluphezulu ngexabiso eliphantsi elinokubakho.
Emva kwenkqubo edlulileyo, iigesi ezivela kwi-catalysis zipholile ziye kubushushu obusondele kwi-100º degrees Celsius, ukugqitha kwinqaba yeoyile, ngenxa yoku, ukungagqityi, kodwa endaweni yokufunxwa kwe-SO kuyafezekiswa.3Iigesi ezishiyekileyo kule zidlula kwinqaba yesibini apho ikhompawundi icocwa kwaye ihlanjwe ngeasidi yesulphuric.Emva kokuba onke la manyathelo egqityiwe, iintsalela zeegesi ziyapheliswa ngetshimini kungene kwi-stratosphere.
Inkqubo yeNkokeli yeGumbi
Le nkqubo yeyona indala yeyaziwayo eyenziweyo kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric acid, apho i-SO3 gaseous ingena kwi-reactor eyaziwa ngegama lika inqaba yegloves apho ingena kwinkqubo yokuhlamba i-nitrous vitriol, eyi-sulfuric acid ene-nitrous oxide kunye ne-carbon dioxide amasuntswana anyibilike kuyo, ethi yona ixutywe neendidi ezimbini ze-nitrogen oxide, (NO) kunye ne (IV). Ininzi yesalfure oxide IV esetyenziswe apha ixutywe nesalfure oxide VI kwaye inyibilike kwindawo yokuhlambela iasidi ukwenza i-asidi ye-tower, uphawu lwenqaba yeGlover.
Emva kokuba imixube yegesi idlula kwiGlover tower, basiwa kwigumbi eligcwele ilothe (yiyo loo nto igama lalo) apho baphathwa khona ngamanzi amaninzi, aneendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokweendlela zomenzi, phakathi kwezona zixhaphakileyo Isikwere okanye ezo zinemilo efana naleyo yekhona.
I-asidi ye-Sulphuric egxunyekwe ezindongeni, yenziwe ngothotho lwempendulo kwaye yaqokelelwa kumgangatho wegumbi eligutyungelwe lead, ngesiqhelo ukubakho phakathi kwamagumbi ama-3 ukuya kwayi-6 ngokulandelelana kunokubonwa, imveliso yokugqibela efunyenwe kumagumbi lawo ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yi-asidi yegumbi, okanye ngakumbi njenge-asidi yesichumisi.
Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lale nkqubo, iigesi zidluliselwa kwesinye isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yinqaba yaseGay-Lussac, apho ukuhlanjwa okuqhubekayo kuqala ngee-asidi ezixineneyo nezibandayo, ezivela kwiNqaba yeGlover, ukuphelisa iigesi ezingenakulungiswa ikhutshelwe emoyeni.
Imbali ye-acid ye-sulfuric acid
Ukuqala kwayo kubuyela kumaxesha aphakathi, apho endaweni yezazinzulu, izazinzulu ngabo babezama izinto ezifunyenwe emhlabeni, zininzi zendalo, nangona abanye bekwazile ukwenza iikhompawundi ezinje ngeJabirú Ibn Hayyan, owayengumbonisi we-sulfuric acid okokuqala kwinkulungwane yesibhozo ze emva koko kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo bafundisise nzulu, kuba babezifumene iimpawu zayo ezintle, kunye nokusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka okubeka ithuba lokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye neemveliso, inkqubo ezimiselweyo ikwazile ukuba yaziwa ngala maxesha Unyango kunye neencwadi zama-Arabhu namaPersi, ngenxa yesifundo esenziwe ngoochwephesha baseYurophu ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu.
EYurophu ngala maxesha, kanye kumaxesha aphakathi, i-acid ye-sulfuric yaziwa ngokuba yi-vitriol, okanye i-vitriol compound, njenge-vitriol yotywala okanye i-vitriol oyile, kuba ikho kule minerali. Igama vitriol livela kwi-Latin vitreus, ebhekisa kwiityuwa zesalphate, kwaye inguqulelo yayo kwiSpanish iya kuba yikristale.
Eli candelo kwasekuqaleni labonakala linomdla omkhulu phakathi kweenzululwazi, kangangokuba lide lazama ukuba lisetyenziswe njengelitye lefilosofi, nangona ezinye zezona zinto zisetyenziswayo kukukwenza izinto zisabele.
UJohann Glauber wayengusokhemisi waseJamani ophuma kumDatshi wakwazi ukufumana isalfuric acid, okanye vitriol, ngenkqubo isulfure evuthayo kunye ne-potassium nitrate phambi komphunga wamanzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngelixa i-potassium nitrate ibibola, bekunokwenzeka ukuba ibone ukuba isulfure yenziwe njani i-SO3 ukuba kamva xa ukudityaniswa kunye namanzi kunokwenzeka ukufumana ikhompawundi. Le ibeyindlela elungileyo yokuthengisa i-acid ye-sulfuric acid, kuba kwakulula ukuvelisa ngobuninzi.
Ngamaxesha asondele kunyaka ka-1746, kwaqala kwasetyenziswa indlela yegumbi eligutyungelweyo, ebelizinzile kwaye lilula kune-Glauber, kwaye oku kuye kwazinzisa ishishini lokuvelisa eli khompawundi., Ibangela urhwebo olukhulu kuyo ngeenxa zonke. umhlaba.
Amanqanaba oxinzelelo ayephantsi kakhulu malunga nama-40%, kodwa oku kwaphuculwa ngophando lweempawu zekhompawundi, kufezekiswa ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezintsha ezifuna ukugxila okuphezulu, kungenxa yokuba ezinye zezazinzulu zazithembele kwiinkqubo zakudala ze ukufumana i-alchemists, ngokuchanekileyo ekutshiseni iipiriti.
Ke ngo-1831 umthengisi weviniga wakwazi ukuvelisa inkqubo ezinzileyo ngakumbi kunaleyo yangaphambili, ngenxa yeendleko eziphantsi ebekufanele ukuyenza, nto leyo ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yoqhakamshelwano, isaziwa ngokuba ininzi unikezelo lwe-asidi yesulfuric.
Ukusetyenziswa kwesulfuric acid kunye nothintelo
Nje ukuba zonke iinkalo kunye nembali yendlela eli khompawundi lafunyanwa ngayo okokuqala kwaziwe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba wazi ukuba zeziphi ezona zisetyenziswa zixhaphakileyo, kunye nezilumkiso ekufuneka zithathiwe, kuba uninzi lwezi nkqubo ukufudumeza into ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba inokutsha kakhulu nakubani na.
Uninzi lwezicelo eziqhelekileyo
- Abanye iinkqubo zamashishini ezenza iinkuni kunye neemveliso zamaphepha zifuna i-acid ye-sulfuric kuyo, kunye nakwiimveliso zelaphu.
- Kwimizi-mveliso yokuvelisa isichumisi, ukusetyenziswa okuthe kratya kunye nokufunwa kwale khompawundi kuyaphawulwa, kuba izinto zayo ziyasebenza kakhulu ekucacisweni kwezi zinto, kungenxa yokuba isebenza njengesichumisi sendalo.
- Kwiimeko ezininzi eli khompawundi lisetyenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza, nangona kunqabile ukuba kuboniswe kwimveliso yokugqibela.
- Phakathi kwezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kukucocwa kwe-petroleum, unyango lwentsimbi, ukuveliswa kombala, iziqhushumbisi, iiplastiki, iintsinga, iisepha, kunye nokufunxwa kwentsimbi.
- Isebenza njengendlela yokunyanga izinyithi ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngentsimbi, ubhedu, vanadium, phakathi kwezinye.
- Kwamanye amazwe ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubekwe esweni ngokungqongqo ngamaziko emithetho yokhuselo lwempilo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokuthe ngqo, oko kukuthi, yinto yokwenziwa kwesalfure, edityaniswa nesulphurization ye-organic, inkqubo yayo ingakumbi kwimizi-mveliso yesepha.
Izilumkiso
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kweasidi yesalfuric inokuba yingozi ngokwenene kuba kuninzi, ukuba ayinguye wonke, ikhompawundi ishushu kubushushu obugqithisileyo, ke kufuneka kusoloko kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kufuneka ithululelwe emanzini, kwaye ayisoze yenzeke ngenye indlela , njengoko inokubangela ukutshiza okungalawulekiyo kunokubangela ukutsha kwesikhumba.