Ithini ingcamango kaLamarck yoTshintsho?

Los imigaqo yokuzivelela kwezinto kunye nethiyori Benze ukuba umntu oqiqayo afikelele kumanqanaba aphezulu olwazi, esazi imvelaphi yobukho bakhe kunye notshintsho kwiintlobo, zibe nefuthe kuphuhliso loluntu kunye nenkcubeko.

Iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngobuntu kunye nendalo kunye nefilosofi, zibe negalelo kwingcinga yesayensi yokuba yinto enokwenzeka yokuphakamisa ii-hypotheses ezahlukeneyo. Ukuphinda siqhubele phambili kulo mbandela, sibonile iithiyori ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa indaleko yabantu nezilwanyana; Kwaye kwesi sihlandlo, uya kufunda ngebhayoloji kunye nethiyori kaLamarck yoTshintsho kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zasemhlabeni.

Wayengubani uJean Baptiste de Lamarck?

Wayeyindoda yokuqala ukuphakamisa ithiyori yokuqala yendaleko, njengoko igama layo lisitsho, isekwe kwi indaleko ngokwesiseko sokuba ubomi buvele ngendlela elula yobomi, buziqhelanisa nezi meko ezinyanzelekileyo ukuba ziguquke.

Ngo-1802, wacacisa igama elithi "iBhayoloji" ebhekisa kwinzululwazi echaza izinto eziphilayo nezifunda indlela abaziphethe ngayo, imvelaphi, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezinye izinto zophuhliso; Ukongeza, waseka i-paleontology yezilwanyana ezingenamqolo.

Ithini ingcamango yenguqulelo?

Le ithiyori iphakanyiswe nguLamarck kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Zoological Philosophy", ngaphakathi kuyo wachaza amagama ohlukeneyo ukubhekisa kwinkqubo yendaleko eziye zadlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukuze babe nezakhono ngakumbi.

Lonke utshintsho olwenziwayo U-Lamarck uchaza malunga nezinto eziphilayo, Kucacisiwe phantsi kwethiyori yokuba zonke izinto ezisingqongileyo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bento, kwaye ziya kuba yimeko yokuba iqhubeke kwinkqubo yendaleko, ide ifikelele kuphuhliso olufanelekileyo oluzivumelanisa neemfuno zayo.

Into ekuphela kwayo enokuthi icothise inkqubo yokuvela kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kukwazi kwazo ukuziqhelanisa notshintsho, nangona kunjalo, ayimisi inkqubo.

Iziseko zophando

A priori, uLamarck uthi yonke into ayinakuphikwa ukukhula kunye nokutshintsha kohloboKubukho obufanayo kukho imikhwa eyahlukeneyo etshintsha ngokuxhomekeka kuyo, ngenxa yokwahluka kweenguqu ezivela kwimeko, iintlobo kufuneka zitshintshe imikhwa yazo ukuze ziphile.

Ngala maziko mabini njengeziseko, waqukumbela le mithetho ilandelayo: isilwanyana esisebenzisa rhoqo onke amalungu aso ukusebenzisa indalo esingqongileyo, simiselwe ukuba sihlale kunye nabo; Kwelinye icala, abo bangasebenzisi amanye amalungu abo kufuneka baguquke ukuze babususe obo buthathaka.

Imfuza iya kuba yeyokuqhubela phambili notshintsho lwendalo, ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezinde zovavanyo kwinqanaba lebhayiloji efanayo de kufikelelwe kwisakhiwo esaneleyo sokwenene. 

Ikwaveze la magama okanye ukuqiqa okulandelayo:

• Izinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo namhlanje zihlala emhlabeni kwaye zenziwe zalungiswa ngayo.
• Njengokuba ihlabathi liguquka, iimeko ziye zibe lula ngenxa yesakhono esizifumanayo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
• Yonke into yasemhlabeni ikhulisa amalungu ayo ukuze ibe lula ukuze ibe luncedo ngakumbi kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo.
• Iyantlukwano ikhula ngokwenkangeleko yokuvela kweentlobo ezintsha eziguqukileyo.

Isizathu sophando

Kuxhomekeke kwimikhwa yohlobo ngalunye, kunokufikelelwa kwisigqibo esomeleleyo ngakumbi, umzekelo, yonke imeko iya kwenza isidingo kwisilwanyana, kufuneka yenze konke okusemandleni ayo ukuyinika, ngokwenza umsebenzi ongaphandle kwezinto ezinokubakho kwimoto , umzimba wayo uya kunyanzelwa ukuba uguqule ufuzo kunye morphology ukwenza ubomi besilwanyana bululutho ngakumbi kwaye buhlale.

Yiyo ke loo nto ubuthathaka buyancipha kwaye budala iintlobo ezomeleleyo ezinamandla okuhlala kuyo nayiphi na imeko.

Imizekelo echaza ithiyori

Ukucacisa okungakumbi malunga nethiyori eyahlukileyo ephakanyiswa nguLamarck, sikubonisa le mizekelo ilandelayo:

Umzekelo we1

Lo mzekelo ngowona usetyenziswayo ukucacisa iLamarckism, imalunga nendaleko eyadlulayo.

Ekuqalekeni kweentlobo, iindlulamthi zazineentamo ezimxinwa kakhulu, ezingabavumeliyo ukufikelela ekutyeni ekutyeni kwabo, emva koko, bafumana amanzi ngamagqabi emithi ngenxa yexesha elide lembalela abalichithe kwindawo abahlala kuyo.

Iindlulamthi kuye kwafuneka zenze umzamo owongezelelekileyo wokufikelela kumagqabi emithi ebanika i-hydration, yiyo loo nto, ezi zizukulwana zilandelayo zatshintshwa ngenxa yendlulamthi ezinentamo ende ezazihlala ixesha elide.

Ngexesha, iindlulamthi zikwazile ukufikelela kubude bentamo obaneleyo obabavumela ukuba baqhubeke nokuvela kohlobo.

Umzekelo we2

La elephants, yaguqulwa yabulela kumaxesha amade kwaye anzima embalela ababedlula kuyo, le nto ayivumanga indlovu ukuba ingene kwiindawo ezinqabileyo apho yafumana khona amanzi, kancinci kancinci umboko wayo waguqukela kumzekelo esiwaziyo namhlanje.

Umzekelo we3

Iindidi ezininzi zifumene kufanelekile ukuba ziguquke ukuze iindlela zazo zokhuselo zomelele ngakumbi, kunjalo kwimeko yenkumba, ekwakufuneka iphumeze umsipha kumzimba wayo oethe-ethe ukuze ikhusele kumarhamncwa.  

Umzekelo we4

Iintaka ziye zawamkela amaphiko azo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu kunye neendawo ezihlala kuzo apho zikhula khona, zinkulu kwaye zide, zincinci okanye zincinci; Le yimeko kanombombiya, le ntaka inamaphiko angasetyenziselwa ukubhabha, kodwa ayakwazi ukudada akhangele ukutya.  

Siyathemba ukuba olu ngeniso malunga Ithiyori yenguqu kuye kwaba kukuthanda kwakho. Kwimeko apho impendulo ichanekile, unokucinga ngokwabelana ngengeniso kwiinethiwekhi zakho; Ngelixa siqaqambisa inyani yokuba nakho ukubhala uluvo, siya kuzama ukukuphendula ngokukhawuleza.