Ithiyori yeseli kunye negalelo layo elikhulu

Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo, zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zenziwe ziiseli, njengeyona nto iphambili eyenzayo, apho yonke imisebenzi idunyiswa, kuba yonke into eyenziwa ngumntu ophilayo iqhutywa ngumsebenzi obangelwe yi-cedula yonke kunye .

Ithiyori yeseli yafezekiswa ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji eyenziwe kwimikroskopu apho kwafunyaniswa ukuba izinto eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo ziiseli, zibalulekile kwaye kwangaxeshanye zezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zesayensi yebhayoloji.

Kwagqitywa ukuba iiseli zivela kwezinye iiseli, ezinokwanela ukwenza into ephilayo yenziwe ngezinto eziphilayoEzi ziqulathe ulwazi lwaso sonke isizukulwana sohlobo lwazo ngaphakathi, ke ukufundwa kwezi kunokumisela inkqubela phambili kunye nophuhliso lomntu othile ophilayo.

Iyintoni ithiyori yeseli?

Ithiyori ziingcinga ezisisiphumo ezisetyenziswa kwinzululwazi, apho kusetyenziswa imithetho ethile kuphuhliso lolwazi engekaqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye igama elithi iseli lilungelelaniswe nayo yonke into enxulumene neeseli, ezona zincinci kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu. amasuntswana enza into ephilayo, kwaye ke ngoko zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Yiyo ithiyori inxulumene ikakhulu nebhayoloji Kungenxa yokuba ibonelela ngegalelo elikhulu kuphononongo lomgaqo-siseko wezinto eziphilayo kunye nendlela eziyimfuneko ngokucacileyo ekuyileni ubomi.

Umahluko phakathi kokuphila kunye nemicimbi ye-inert kukuba eyokuqala iyakwazi ukuziqhubela yona kwaye emva koko igaye umzimba, ibe ziimpawu ezimbini ezikhethekileyo nezizodwa zale yokugqibela, ngelixa i-inert ingenakho ukwenza ezi zinto.

Olu luphando oluthatha iminyaka emininzi kwaye lonke ulwazi lwalo alukagqitywa, ngenxa yobunzulu besifundo kunye nokwahluka okukhoyo kuso, zininzi kakhulu izazinzulu ezenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kulethiyori.

Imigaqo yethiyori yeseli

Ithiyori yeseli inegalelo elikhulu kulwazi kubhayoloji, kuba enkosi kuyo indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokukhula kungekuphela kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kwanendawo ezikhulela kuyo, ibonakalisiwe yafundwa, inika ukucaciswa kwalo mbandela phambi kokukhathazeka kwabantu. .

Kwakukho oosonzululwazi ababini baseJamani abakwazileyo ukumisela imigaqo-siseko yokuqala neyesibini yale ithiyori, xa bathe baqonda ukusetyenziswa kwemicroscope Ubume bezityalo nezilwanyana babufana kakhulu, ukuze ukukhula kwazo kuchazwe ngokufanayo, oku kwakuphakathi konyaka we-1839.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, wachaza iiseti zeeseli ezinefom efanayo kunye nokusebenza njengezicubu zezinto eziphilayo, umnikeli wale datha yayingu-Xavier Bichat, emva koko isifundo sathiwa yi-histology, eyayiyi-anatomy ngokubanzi lisetyenziswa kunyango nakwifizoloji xa iyonke, eli galelo lenziwa sisazinzulu uMeyer.

Ngo-1980 uMnu Carl Woese wakwazi ukubonisa iintlobo ezintathu ze-microorganisms ngokusebenzisa i-microscopes yakhe, eyayibiza ngokuba yi-archaea, ibhaktheriya kunye ne-urkaryotes, eyathi yafaka ingcamango yokuba iiseli zinamandla okuphila ukuze zenze imisebenzi ye-genomic, oku kufezekisiwe Umlinganiswa wagxila kuzo zonke izifundo zakhe kwinqanaba elinye, i-ribosomal RNA, esisakhiwo esinazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

U-Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, owayesebenza ukusuka ngo-1674 de kwasekufeni kwakhe, engomnye wababesandulela iseli, i-biobiology kunye novavanyo lwebhayoloji, naye wakwazi ukwenza izifundo ezahlukeneyo kunye nolingo, yayinguye owenza ukufumanisa okubaluleke kakhulu, okwakwenzelwe umntu wakhe.

Kukwakhona negalelo elibalulekileyo lomnye ugqirha waseJamani, okwazileyo ukufumanisa ukuba iseli nganye inoxanduva lwesifo esahlukileyo, ukuze iintlobo ezininzi zifumaneke ngokwemisebenzi yazo.

Kwelinye icala, kwabakho ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezazinzulu ezininzi, iingcali zebhayoloji kunye noogqirha ababalulekileyo embalini, nangona konke oku kwakubulela kwinkqubela phambili eyenziwe zii-microscopes ezazizixhobo zokuqhuba zawo wonke lo mcimbi, kuba ngaphandle kwazo zazingazubonwa ngamehlo. human, kunye nemisebenzi yabo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo zazichazwa.

Emva kwayo yonke le nto, kungasungulwa iikhonsepthi zale mihla nezangoku, enkosi kwinto yokuba kuye kwafunyanwa imirhumo emininzi, ebivumela ukuba ifundwe, kwaye imisele imithetho kunye neeparameter ukuze zikwazi ukuphanda ngazo.

Ingqondo yangoku

Iiseli zazizimisele ukuba zezizo iiyunithi zomzimba kunye neze-morphological zazo zonke izinto ezikhoyo, amagama aquka imigaqo yale sayensi, enokuthi ichaze iindlela zophuhliso, indaleko, iifom zokukhula kunye nokuzala kwazo zonke iintlobo zobomi kulo mhlaba, kananjalo kukho abathile abahlala nabaninzi kwezi kunye nabanye abadinga enye kuphela ukwazi ukubakho.

Ingcinga yale mihla ngoku iyafana nale ikhoyo ngoku, ngaphandle kokuba ichaza imigaqo-nkqubo yesayensi, elandelayo.

• Yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo into yokuba izinto eziphilayo zisenokuba zibangelwa ziiseli kunye nezinto abazifihlayo, kwaye zinamandla kangangokuba kunokubakho izidalwa ezineseli enye kuphela ezinokwanela ukuqhuba zonke iinkqubo ezichazwe apha ngasentla, ezinjengee-unicellular organism.
• Kukho iseli yesiqu, leyo yona inika ezinye iiseli, kuba ezi zinokuvela kuphela kwezinye iiseli, le iyinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu kubomi besidalwa esiphilayo, ukongeza iiseli ezikwaziyo ukwenza ezintsha zibizwa ngokuba ziiprokaryoti, kwaye ii-eukaryotes lolunye uhlobo.
• Zombini izinto eziphilayo ezinemibala emininzi kunye nee-unicellular, Inxulumene noku ngumgaqo wokuba yonke into ephilayo ihlelwe ziiseli kunye neebhaktiriya, okanye ngemfihlo yazo.

Iiseli zifundwe ngokubanzi iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ngaphandle kwawo wonke umzamo wokuzinikela, zonke iimpawu kunye neemfihlakalo azikaziwa ngokupheleleyo ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, nangona kwinqanaba elithile kwaziwa ngokwaneleyo ngokufanayo.

Ulwahlulo lweseli

Iiseli zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini, iiprokaryoti kunye neeyukaryoti, nganye kuzo ineempawu zayo kunye nemisebenzi eyahlulahlula kwiqabane layo, ezinje ngeprokaryotes zezo zinakho ukuzala kwakhona phakathi kwazo, kwaye ke ngaloo ndlela zenza iiseli ezintsha.

• Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic: Ezi ziiseli ezenza izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nefungi.
• Iiseli zeprokaryotic: ezo ziquka izinto eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-bacteria kunye ne-archaea.

Oku kunemisebenzi enika amandla afanelekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezinje ngesondlo, ukuhamba, ukukhula, ukukhula, phakathi kwezinye iinkqubo.