Umntu yinto entsonkothileyo, ethi, ukongeza ekwaneliseni iimfuno zayo ezisisiseko, ikwafuna inkcazo ngobukho bayo kunye nemvelaphi. Ukusuka apho kuphakama izikhundla ezahlukeneyo, ukusukela kwinkolo nakwintanda-bulumko, ukuya kwezenzululwazi. Ngaphakathi kwezenzululwazi, kwavela ithiyori yendaleko ebizwa ngokuba yi-chemosynthetic theory, esekwe kwizifundo zesayensi u-Alexander Oparin noJohn Haldane, abathi nangona bengakhange basebenzisane beza kuqikelelo lwento enye, enika ukuqhubeka kweziseko eziphakanyisiweyo. kwithiyori ye-big bang, iphikisana nembono yokuzalwa okuzenzekelayo, kunye neenkolelo zenkolo malunga nemvelaphi yobomi.
Yintoni i-theory ye-chemosynthetic theory?
Le ngcamango ithi i-hydrogen (H2) ezikhoyo kumoya wokuqala ophendulwe ngekhabhon, nitrogen okanye iiathom zeoksijini ezenza umhluzi wesondlo, othi xa unxibelelana nemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla amandulo wakha ii-amino acid ezininzi, ezenza iibhloko zokwakha zobomi bendalo.
Iimeko zomoya ngoku chemosynthetic postulates
Ithiyori ye-chemosynthetic imisela ukuba i-atmosferi yamandulo kufuneka ibe neempawu ezithanda ukunciphisa ukusabela, kuba ukuba bekukho imeko ye-oxidative "Isuphu yamazibulo" ngebabehlazekile. Ngesi sizathu, izazinzulu eziye zabeka imibono eyahlukeneyo yokuzivelela kwezinto ziyangqina ukuba kwimeko zokuqala zeplanethi asi ioksijini yayikho, kuba ukusabela kwe-oxidation ngekwakukhuthazi ukukhula kobomi.
Iingcamango zeChemosynthetic Theory
Inqanaba lokumiselwa kothotho lweethiyori ezaqhekeka kunye nemfundiso yokuqala yesizukulwana (esamkelwa ngokubanzi ngexesha lakhe) saqala ngo-1864 ngenxa yezifundo zesazinzulu sase-France u-Luis Pasteur, owabonisa kulingo lwakhe "Ophilayo uvela kwabaphilayo", nto leyo ebangela ukuba kuphuhliswe ithiyori entsha. Phakathi kwezi ngcamango kukho i-chemosynthetics, echaza ukuba ubomi buvela ekuphenduleni kwezinto eziyimichiza. Izinto ezenza lo mthetho zichazwe ngokucacileyo apha ngezantsi:
Ubume bomhlaba ekuqaleni kwawo: le nkolelo ithi ekuqaleni, iplanethi ibinomoya oswele ioksijini yasimahla, nangona kunjalo, ityebile kwezinye izinto, ikakhulu ihydrogen (Uxinzelelo oluphezulu), ke yayicutha, eyayikhetha ukukhutshwa kweeathom zehydrojeni kwiindidi zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo. Ukongeza koku, yayiqulathe ezinye izinto ezisisiseko zeekhemikhali ezinje nge: hydrocyanic acid (HCN), methane (CH4), icarbon dioxide (CO2), amanzi (H2O) kunye nezinye izinto.
- Ukuqulunqwa komhluzi wesondlo: ikwabizwa ngokuba isuphu yamazibulo, yayiqulathe ukudityaniswa kolwelo olunesondlo olwenziwe ngawo onke la macandelo omoya wokuqala. Lo mthamo wolwelo wabangela ulwandle lokuqala. Kwenzeka njani oku? Ithiyori ye-chemosynthetic ichaza ukuba ngenxa yokuphola komoya, bekukho umphunga wamanzi ovela kwiintaba-mlilo, ezirhuqa onke la macandelo kunye nawo, zenza umhluzi onesondlo, eziya kuthi ziqokelele kuxinzelelo (olwandle) apho ziya kuhlala khona ixesha elide ngaphandle komngcipheko wokubola.
- Inkangeleko yezinto ezimbaxa: Kule nkqubo, isenzo semithombo yamandla eyahlukeneyo sasibalulekile, ezinje ngezaqhwithi zombane, imitha yelanga kunye nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Iziphumo zezi mpendulo zazinamalungu antsonkothileyo afana neswekile, ii-acid, i-glycerin kunye neeamino acid. Ixesha elingaphezulu, indaleko yabangela ukuba kubizwe ii-Oparin ezivumelanayoizinto zebhayoloji ezinganyangekiyo nezihambele phambili ezazingaphambi kwexesha lee-asidi zangoku ze-nucleic.
Ukuqulunqwa kwee-coacervates
U-Oparin wamisela ukuba kwinkqubo yokuvela kweentlobo zeekhemikhali eziqulathwe kuloo nto umhluzi wamazibulo, kwavela ii-coacervates, ezaziziintlobo ezintsonkothileyo, ezazithi ngexesha lokwahlukana kweseli zidibane zibe sisakhiwo esinye, ngaloo ndlela zifumane inwebu ebinokuthi ibenze ukuba babe zizinto ezizodwa ezizodwa, ezinakho ukuzenzela ngokwazo (ukukwazi ukuvelisa ukutya kwazo ), eziya kuguquka zibe ziifom ezizinzileyo nezintsonkothileyo ezaba zizakhiwo zokwenyani eziyinyani. Ngokwenkcazo ye-chemosynthetic, ezi zinto ziphambili zazingumthombo wezityalo kunye nehlabathi lezilwanyana kwiplanethi yethu.
Ekuqaleni, kwakungekho maleko weozone, owawukhusela iiseli kwimitha ethe ngqo evela elangeni. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba izakhiwo zokuqala zenziwa kwaye zatshatyalaliswa ngokungapheliyo ziziganeko zamandla elanga ngokuthe ngqo. Emva kwezigidi zeminyaka, ezo seli zikwazile ukuguquka zibe ziinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zezinto eziphilayo, ebezinokuzivumela ukuba zande. Emva kwexesha, baqala ukudibanisa ukutya kwabo ngamandla elanga, besebenzisa inkqubo ye-photosynthesis kwaye bathumela ioksijini emsulwa emoyeni, eya kuthi kamva ibe ngumaleko weozone.
Inkqubo yokwenza i-coacervate ichazwe ngezantsi:
- Konke kuqala ngokusekwa kwemolekyuli ehleliweyo kunye nozinzo.
- Njengokuba ixesha lihamba, imolekyuli yesibini yokuhambelana (macromolecule) iyenziwa kwaye iyinxalenye ye-coacervate.
- Le macromolecule iyahlula kwi-coacervate apho ibone khona imvelaphi yayo.
- I-macromolecule iqala ukutsala iikhompawundi ezinokuthi zibophe kulwakhiwo lwayo, iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde yenzeke
UStanley Miller kunye novavanyo lukaHarold Urey (1953)
Nangona i-postulates ye-chemosynthetic theory yasekwa ngo-1924 ngu-Oparin no-Haldane, oososayensi ababini baphinde bavavanya kwakhona kwisikali kunye neemeko zomoya wokuqala, bebeka umxube we-hydrogen, i-methane kunye ne-ammonia kwimithombo yombane emininzi, edibanisa izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo iiasidi. Injongo yolu vavanyo yayikukubonisa ukuba indibaniselwano yeekhompawundi zendalo zazivele, kwaye zenzekile kwiimolekyuli ezilula ezazikwimoya yokuqala.
Uyilo lovavanyo lwabo, bathathe isikhongozeli seglasi kwaye bathululela umyinge othile wamanzi, ukuze izaliswe ngokuyinxenye, kwafakwa nomxube weegesi ezichazwe apha ngasentla. Lo mxholo ubuphantsi kokukhutshelwa kombane okwenze izivunguvungu zangaphambili ezenzeka ekuqaleni kweplanethi.
Olu vavanyo lwathatha iveki enye, kwaye lwakuba luphelile, iziphumo zahlaziywa. Isalathi sokuqala sokuphendula okwenzekileyo yayikukutshintshwa kombala wamanzi, owawubonakala ekuqaleni, kwaye emva kweveki yafumana ithoni epinki, eya kuthi kamva ibe mdaka, njengoko yayityebile iiamino acid ezifanelekileyo kunye neemolekyuli eziphilayo.
Oluvavanyo lwaluligalelo elixhasa ithiyori yokuba iintlobo zokuqala zobomi zenziwa ngokuphendula kwamachiza ngokuzenzekelayo.