Iplanethi yethu yomhlaba kude kube ngoku kuphela kwendawo kwindalo iphela apho ukukhanya kobomi kunokufezekiswa ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu eziguqukayo kwindawo yethu yokuhlala; Ngokukodwa amanzi kwisimo esingamanzi, amaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo kunye nokusabela okufanelekileyo kwemichiza kuye kwavumela ukwakheka kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezisindayo kwisiseko sokudityaniswa kwamandla kwiicarbon nakwioksijini yeoksijini.
Abantu bayinxalenye yeli qela labasebenzi elinxibelelana nehlabathi, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo esinokuzijonga, nangona kunjalo zininzi izinto eziphilayo ezingabonakaliyo kwaye ngendlela efanayo inendima ebalulekileyo kubomi obulinganayo ; ezi zinto ziphilayo zibizwa ngokuba zii-microorganisms, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto ezisisiseko; Lo mbutho wenqubo yomzimba wabo uvumele ukuveliswa kwabo ngempumelelo kunye nokwanda.
IiArchaeas
Microbiology yisayensi enoxanduva lokufundwa kwezi ntsholongwane kwaye zikwahlula ngokwendlela ezithile ezizahlulahlula, ngaloo ndlela kusekwa into embi Umahluko phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezinee-multicellular kunye nee-unicellular; Ukuthetha ngezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, sifumanisa ukuba ziintlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nangona zincinci, zenziwe ziiseli ezininzi ezakha iinkqubo zazo ezisisiseko zonxibelelwano ngendlela ethile.
Ngelixa ii-unicellular zisekwe kwiseli enye ukuphuhlisa zonke iinkqubo zazo, phakathi kwezi zinto ziphilayo zezobukumkani be-archaea, obukade budidekile neebhaktiriya ngenxa yokufana kolwakhiwo.
Nangona usenokuba ukhe weva ngezi zinto ziphilayo, eli nqaku liza kukubonisa igama izinto ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ubungazazi malunga nobukumkani base-archaea kwaye oko kuya kukumangalisa.
Ukwahlulahlula ngokubanzi
Ubukumkani be-archaea ikwayindawo ene-classification ebanzi ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, nangalo lonke elixesha iintsapho zalo kunye neentlobo zazo azikacwangciswa kwaye zibekwe ngokuthe ngqo; Kuyaziwa ukuba ngenani, i-archaea, kunye neebhakteria, lelona qela likhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo emhlabeni, kubandakanya inani lamawaka ezigidi zabantu abazala ngokungapheliyo yonke imihla.
Ukudityaniswa kwe-unicellular ebonisa ukulawulwa kwayo kubalulekile ukuveliswa kwayo yinkqubo esebenzayo kakhulu kwaye kamva siza kuchaza ngokweenkcukacha
Bahlala kuzo zonke iimeko
Xa i-archaea yayikholelwa ekubeni iyinxalenye yebhaktiriya, bekucingelwa ukuba ezi zinto zinokuphila kuphela kwiindawo ezigabadeleyo nezikhethekileyo, nangona kunjalo ngoku kuyaziwa ukuba iintlobo zezobukumkani beArchaea zinokubakho kuluhlu olwahlukileyo lweendawo. ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Kumazinga obushushu axhaswa zezi zidalwa ziphilayo kumaxesha athile ziyahluka phakathi kwe-100ºC kunye no-30ºC; Kukwanomdla wokuba bangaphila kwaye banxibelelane ngokwesiqhelo kwiindawo ezinetyuwa apho nayiphi na enye into engakwaziyo ukuhlala, zonke ezi zinto zithetha ukuba banokubakho ngaphezulu kwe-30% yomhlaba.
Enkosi koku amandla amangalisayo Yiyo le nto yenza obu bukumkani baphumelela ekuqaleni kokuyilwa komhlaba ojikeleze umhlaba malunga neminyaka engama-2500 yezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye babanefuthe elikhulu kwindlela ezathi iziganeko zaphuhla ngayo kwiinkqubo zokuzivelela kweplanethi kunye neentlobo zayo.
Ziyasetyenziswa kuninzi ma shishini
Ukwandiswa kwemveliso ezithile zorhwebo ezityiwa ngabantu, ngakumbi iimveliso zobisi kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo, kuyaziwa ukusebenzisa iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane njengezinto ezincedisayo kunye nezivuseleli zokuphendula kwamachiza ezibanika iipropathi zokungaguquguquki, ukunambitheka, ukuhlala ixesha elide kunye nokuthungwa kwala manqaku. ezinje ngeentshizi, ibhotolo, iyogathi, phakathi kwabanye; Nangona kunjalo, kukho imixokelelwane yemveliso efuna ubushushu obuphezulu bokufezekiswa kweempawu ezithile, kulapho ke uninzi lweentsholongwane azinakumelana nezi meko zishushu kakhulu, Ukunika indawo kwi-archaea enokumelana ngaphezu kwe-100º C kunye nokuphuhlisa utshintsho olufunekayo kwezi zidliwayo ukufezekisa umgangatho osebenzayo.
Kwezonyango, inkqubela phambili ebonakalayo yenziwe ngobukumkani be-archaea, ukusukela namhlanje ezinye i-antibiotics zenziwe ngokusekwe kwezi zinto ziphilayo zinceda abantu abaninzi i-aleji kwiintsholongwane zemveli. Uninzi lwe-archaea lusetyenziswa kwimigodi esebenza ngokukuko ekuphenduleni kwemichiza okuyimfuneko ekufumaneni izimbiwa ezinjengegolide, icobalt kunye nobhedu.
Inkqubo ezinye izixhobo
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintsholongwane, ezo ze-archaea empire zinokuqhubekeka ngokwahluka-hlukeneyo kwezakhamzimba kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo ezifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo singakhankanya: i-nitrogen, icarbon nesalfure; Baneenkqubo ezinjenge-glycolysis yokufumana amandla aqinisekisa imijikelezo yabo ebalulekileyo.
Amanye amaqela anokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga njengomthombo wamandla ngaphandle kokuvelisa ioksijini njengeenkqubo zefotosinthesisi, umgangatho owahlukileyo ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo zale planethiOku akubandakanyi ezo zi-methanogenic, oko kukuthi, zivelisa igesi yemetane phantsi kweemeko ezithile kubandakanya namathumbu omntu, ekukholelwa ukuba adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwetyisa.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona ngokwesini
Iintlobo zezobukumkani be-archaea zivelisa kuphela i-asexually, ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-fission kanambambili, equlathe ukuphindaphinda iseli enye ngokwenza izinto zemfuza nokwenza i-cytoplasm nganye yokufaka izinto ezintsha zofuzo .; isiseko sale fomathi Ukuzaliswa kukuphindaphindeka kwe-DNA, ukuvumela umzimba ukuba ufumane ikopi efanayo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo le ndlela yokuzala ikwimo yeebhaktiriya kunye nezinye izinto ezingafaniyo nezinye ezakha kwaye zakha isiseko sokudibana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kule planethi.