Lixesha kwimbali yefilosofi, eyayisekwe kwi-cosmology, egxile kulwakhiwo, imithetho yendalo yonke kunye nemigaqo ekucingelwa ukuba inike inkcazo ngeenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo kwindalo. Imihla yayo yokuqala yayivela ekubonakalisweni komxhasi wayo ophambili, owayenguThales waseMileto, owazalwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. C.
Ngenxa yomgangatho onayo ii-pre-Socratics, ekukhathaleleni indalo kunye nomgaqo wezinto, kukuba eli nqanaba ngaphakathi kwifilosofi yamaGrike libonakaliswa njenge cosmological.
Igama lakhe ngaphandle kwengcamango ye-etymological edibanisa izinto ezininzi zesichazi-magama sesiLatini (njengesimaphambili "pre" esithetha ngaphambili; igama likaSocrates elibhekisa kwifilosofi nakwisimamva "ico", esetyenziselwa ukubonisa "isihlobo ukuya ”), inenye inkcazo.
Esi sisichazi esisebenza njengenye indlela yokuqonda kunye nokubonakalisa igama elithi 'pre-Socratic', kwaye ibizwa njalo kuba yaphuhliswa phambi koSocrates kwaye ibandakanya nabo babemlandela, abaqhubeka nokugcina indawo yabo yokungaphenjelelwa iingcinga zombhali okhankanywe ngasentla.
Olunye lweempawu ezibalaseleyo zale ntshukumo kukuba ngelo xesha izithandi zobulumko azinakuphikisana noko zikungqinayo kuba yonke idatha kunye nokubonakaliswa bekusekwe kubuchwephesha be-metaphysical.
Nangona kunjalo, zazingumbono wexabiso elikhulu, kangangokuba, nangona zingenakho ukungqinwa, ziyinyani kwaye ixesha alinakuphikiswa.
Iingcali zefilosofi eziphambili ze-pre-Socratic
IThales yaseMileto
Wayesisithandi sobulumko samaGrike, isazi sezibalo, ijiyometri, ifiziksi kunye nowiso-mthetho kunye nomseki wesikolo saseMileto, ekwakukho kuso nabanye abalandeli bakhe.
Nangona kungekho zibhalo ngokubhalwa kwakhe, igalelo elingenasiphelo libhekiswa kuye kungekuphela kwicandelo lefilosofi, imathematika, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, ifiziksi, phakathi kwabanye. Kwaye ziphakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ukuya kwi-C.
Ukwabonakaliswa njengendlu yowiso-mthetho esebenzayo ye-Greek polis yonxweme lwase-Ionia, eMileto, apho ukongeza ekuzalweni, naye wasweleka.
Uninzi lwebhayiloji yalo mbhali yakhiwe yingqokelela yeedatha, izimvo, iikowuti, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezincedileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Yaziwa ngabanye njengenye 'yezilumko ezisixhenxe zaseGrisi', ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uMileto weza na, nokuba ade abhale into, kuba akukho bungqina buqinisekileyo. Enye yeempumelelo ezichaziweyo kukukholelwa ukuba yayinguye owazisa ijiyometri kwilizwe lamaGrike.
Phakathi kweengcamango zangaphambi kweSokrasi ekuthiwa zezombhali ngumbono wokukholelwa ukuba umhlaba udada emanzini.
I-Anaxagoras
Esi sithandi sobulumko savela nembono yaso ethi 'the nion of nous' ethetha ingqondo okanye ingcinga kwaye ichaza umbono wayo wefilosofi.
Enye yezinto ezimfanisayo kukuba ngumntu wokuqala wokucinga wasemzini e-Athene, kuba wazalwa kwaye wayehlala ikakhulu eClazómenas kwaye ngo-483 BC wafuduka, ngenxa yothotho lweziganeko namashwa, phakathi kwawo imvukelo yase-Ionia nxamnye nobukumkani basePersi. .
Wayengomnye wabo bavuselele okanye bagxile kuphando lwendalo ngokwembono yamava, inkumbulo kunye nobuchule. Ngokwe-astronomy yalo mbhali yayinengqiqo ngakumbi kunaleyo yabanye, kwaye phakathi kwezi ziyabonakala, uluvo lokuba izilwanyana zazalwa ekuqaleni emanzi emva koko zivela komnye nomnye; inkolelo yokuba iinkwenkwezi ngamatye amakhulu e-incandescent kwaye ukuba asibuboni ubushushu bazo kungenxa yomgama wazo.
Enye yeenkcazo zakhe imalunga nokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga kunye nelanga; Ukuqala koku, wathi inyanga ayinakho ukukhanya kwayo, kodwa yayifumana elangeni kwaye yayinamathafa kunye nemingxunya. Wayenophando malunga nokwakheka kwengqondo kunye nentlanzi.
U-Anaxagoras wayengomnye wababuza kuqala ababethetha ngoThixo hayi ngokombono womdali kodwa kunoko njengomakhi wehlabathi, Oko kukuthi, wayekuthatha njengomgaqo okhokelayo kwindalo iphela.
Kwibhayiloji yalo mbhali, ngaphandle kwesiqhelo kwenziwa ukuba wayethanda okanye ethathela ingqalelo ingcinga kaParmenides, eyathi, “akukho nyani intsha inokuvela; ke yonke into ibisoloko ikho. Amasuntswana amancinci azo zonke izinto abakho ngonaphakade (ii-homeomeries). "La masuntswana angenakubalwa aqala axutywa kubunzima obuhlangeneyo, aqala njani ukuhamba kwaye amasuntswana ahlukane kwaye amanyane ukunika izidalwa ezahlukeneyo?"
Ukujonga oku kungasentla, iAnaxagoras ibhenela kule nto siyikhankanyileyo ngaphambili, iNous, ethi kule ndlela ibe sisizathu sangaphandle esichaza ukuqonda okanye ubukrelekrele obanike ubunzima bokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
UAnaximander waseMileto
Ebonwa njengomfundi kunye nomlandeli waseMileto, wayeyifilosofi kunye nejografi yeGrisi yakudala, kunye nomhlobo ka-Anaxímedes. Uyaziwa ngenkolelo yakhe ukuba imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto (arjé) ayinasiphelo (ápeiron).
Wayekwangumntu othembekileyo kubukho behlabathi elingenakubalwa, nangona kungaziwa ncam nokuba ziyalandelelana okanye zibekho.
Enye yeencwadi ezichazwe kulo mbhali "kwindalo"; Isicatshulwa ekungekho kopi sibonakalayo okanye umsebenzi wokuqala, kodwa ufunyenwe ngezimvo 'zedisikopi' ezivela kwabanye ababhali.
Wayengowokuqala ukuphakamisa umba 'wezichasi' njengesiseko kwindaleko yehlabathi. Ingcinga yokuba abanye abaxhasi baya kuyithatha kamva.
Enye yezinto enikelwe kulo mbhali kukulinganiswa kwee-solstices kunye nee-equinox ngokusebenzisa i-gnomon, imephu yasemhlabeni, umsebenzi wokujonga umgama kunye nobukhulu beenkwenkwezi; Kunye nebango elimangalisayo lokuba uMhlaba uqukuqiwe kwaye uhlala kwiziko loMhlaba.
UAnaximenes waseMileto
Omnye umfundi waseMileto ngaphandle kuka-Anaximander. Ngale yokugqibela wavuma kwinkolelo yokuba imvelaphi okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yazo zonke izinto ayinasiphelo kwaye kuthiwa uneminyaka engama-22 emncinci.
Nangona kunjalo oku kuphosa umahluko kwinkolo enjalo; kuye kwakungekho apeiron kodwa into ethile efana 'nomoya', awayeyithatha njengomgaqo-nkqubo wokunyanzeliswa nokubuyiselwa.
I-Anaximenes, i-rarefaction ivelisa umlilo, ngelixa ulungelelwaniso, umoya, amafu, amanzi, umhlaba kunye namatye; kwezi zinto, ezinye izinto zenziwe.
Le sobulumko wazalelwa eMileto ngo-590 BC. C., malunga, kwaye wasweleka ngo-524 a. C. Kwaye igalelo linikezelwe kwi-cosmology, imeteorology kunye nefiziksi.
UArchelaus
Njengabanye, akukho mibhalo ibhaliweyo yale ngcinga eyayingutitshala kaSocrates egciniweyo.
Ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba wayevela eAthene okanye eMileto kwaye wayewadi yaseAnaxagoras. Enye yezinto ezimbalwa ezaziwayo kukuba wayengowokuqala ukuzisa ifilosofi yendalo eAthene.
Wabonakalisa indalo, enye yeengxelo zakhe yayikukuba zazimbini izizathu ezenza yonke into, ingqele nobushushu; ukuba amanzi afinyeziweyo avelisa umhlaba kwaye xa unyibilika uvelisa umoya.
Ngokubhekisele kwizilwanyana, wachaza ukuba bazalwa "kubushushu bomhlaba, obususa isepha efana nobisi, esebenza njengesondlo sabo" kwaye amadoda azalwe okokuqala ngale ndlela inye.
Kwangokunjalo, wamisela ukuba eyona nkwenkwezi ibalaseleyo lilanga, nokuba iilwandle ziqulethwe kubunzulu bomhlaba (kungene ngaphakathi emithanjeni yakhe) kwaye indalo iphela ayinasiphelo.
IiArchytas
UArchytas waseTarentum wayengumfilosofi, isazi sezibalo, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi, igosa likarhulumente, kwaye ngokubanzi. Oku kwakungokwesikolo sehlelo lamaPythagoras kwaye wayengumfundi kaPhilolaus. Kukwathiwa wayengumhlobo kaPlato, awadibana naye emva kokubhubha kukaSocrates, kuhambo lokuqala awalwenza kumazantsi e-Itali naseSicily ngowama-388/7 BC. C.
Wenza igalelo kuthotho lwezinto ezidaliweyo apho ahlala khona, ezinje ngohlaziyo lwezopolitiko, izikhumbuzo, iitempile, phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo ezazinika umzi ukubengezela. U-Archytas wayefundisiwe kwaye wanikezela ngegalelo ngolwazi lwabo ngokudibeneyo kwindawo yeArithmetic, iGeometry, iAstronomy kunye noMculo. Kwakhona kwi-Quadrivium, Acoustics kunye nokuhlengahlengisa imathematics ngendlela eqeqeshekileyo kunye nezobugcisa.
Izifundo zakhe zobuchule, ngaphezulu kwazo zonke iingcali zezibalo, kuthiwa mhlawumbi zazinento yokwenza nokuyilwa kwepulley, isando kunye nohlobo oluthile lwentaka, kuba yayinamaphiko kwaye iyenza ibhabhe ngenxa yeempembelelo ezivela kwinucleus umphunga ocinezelweyo.
Into enomdla kwimibhalo yembali yalo mbhali kukuba uninzi lweempawu zenziwa zezinye iingcali zefilosofi zexesha, ezathi zathi zajonga ngokulinganayo okanye ngokulinganayo kwabanye ababhali kwaye ke ngoko akukho bunyani okanye isiqinisekiso sempumelelo ezithile okanye ubunikazi obupheleleyo.
ICratyl
Enye yeefilosofi zangaphambi kweSocrate zakwiminyaka ye-XNUMXth BC. C. Uthathwa njengommeli wobunyani.
Uyaziwa ngokuba ngomnye wabaxhasi bengcinga kaHeraclitus, othe "umntu akanako ukuhlamba kabini emlanjeni omnye kuba phakathi kwala mabini, umzimba kunye nomlambo amanzi atshintshiwe." Ngokwabaphandi oku kuthathe ukubonakaliswa oku ngakumbi; Omnye wabo yayinguAristotle, owathi, ngokukaCratylus, wabhengeza ukuba "ayinakwenziwa nakanye."
Olu luvo longezwe ngumbhali, lunika umbono wokuba "ukuba umhlaba uhlala utshintsha, umlambo utshintsha ngoko nangoko." Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ukugcina ifom efanayo okanye ulwakhiwo lwamagama, bahlala betshintsha kaninzi.
Esinye seziganeko ezibonakalisa esi sithandi sobulumko kukuba, ngenxa yoko, kwezi zibonakaliso, wagqiba kwelokuba unxibelelwano alunakwenzeka kwaye wayeka ukuthetha, wazinqanda ekunxibelelaneni nentshukumo yomnwe wakhe.
Inyani ebalulekileyo yokuqaqambisa kukuba uCratylus wadibana noSocrates ngo-407 BC. C. nakwiminyaka esi-8 elandelayo wazinikela ekumfundiseni.
Xenophanes
Igama lakhe nguXenophanes de Colophon kunye nemihla yakhe yokuzalwa phakathi ko-580 BC. C. kunye no-570 a. Njengazo ezinye izithandi zobulumko zangaphambi kweSocrate, imisebenzi yakhe igcinwe ngokudityaniswa kwamaqhekeza.
Ngokweedatha ezimbalwa zobomi eziye zafunyanwa kwaye zithandabuzekayo, kuba akukho kuqiniseka ngazo; Esi sithandi sobulumko sazalelwa eColophon, isixeko esiselunxwemeni eAsia Minor.
Ukongeza ekubeni sisithandi sobulumko samaGrike, wayeyimbongi ye-elegiac, enomdla kwiingxaki zonqulo kwaye ephikisa into angayithathiyo, njengokuphikisana noHomer, iarchetype yeembongi kunye nesiseko esisiseko semfundo yeli xesha.
Ukuphendula kwabo okanye iimpikiswano ngokuchasene nayo kuthiwa zaye zayimbala ngokuziphatha okubi kunye nohlobo loothixo benkolo eqhelekileyo.
Heraclitus
Wazalelwa unyaka wama-540 a. Igama lakhe elipheleleyo nguHeraclitus wase-Efese kwaye wayesaziwa njengo "Mnyama wase-Efese." Ukugcina uphawu lwabanye, igalelo labo laziwa ngenxa yobungqina bezithandi zobulumko kamva.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, kwavela ukubonakaliswa kwebinzana elithi "Awunakuhlamba kabini emlanjeni omnye"; eyayilwa nguye.
Umsebenzi wakhe uthathwa njenge-aphoristic, ikwizithandi zobulumko zokuqala ezazicinga ukuba umhlaba uvela kumgaqo wendalo (njengamanzi eThales aseMileto, umoya weAnaximenes kunye ne-apeiron yeAnaximander). Umahluko kukuba, kuHeraclitus, umgaqo wawumalunga nomlilo kwaye akufuneki uthathwe ngokoqobo, kuba njengabanye ababhali, yayisisikweko.
Ingcaciso awayeyinikele emlilweni njengezinto zantlandlolo zezinto, yayikukuba “umthetho-siseko womlilo ubhekisa kukuhamba okungaguqukiyo notshintsho kwihlabathi, ngokuhamba ngokusisigxina okusekwe kulwakhiwo lwezichasi; kwaye ukuphikisana kuko okuvela kuyo yonke into ”.
Enye yezinto ezinomdla kukuba kukho indawo ekuthiwa yinyanga ekuthiwa yiHeraclitus, ngembeko yakhe. Kwakhona i-asteroid (5204) i-Herakleitos ikhumbula ifilosofi. Kuthiwa usweleke malunga ne-480 BC. C.
Ezinye iingcali zefilosofi zangaphambi kweSokrasi ezingabalulekanga:
- Idemokhrasi
- UDiogenes waseApollonia
- Iifayile
- epicharm
- UFerécides weSyros
- IHippocrates yaseChios
- Iijeni
- Xenophanes
- ILeucippus yaseMileto
- UMeliso wase Samos
- ILámpsaco Metrodoro
- IChios Metrodoro
- Elea Parmenides
- UZeno ka-Elea