Njengoninzi lwamazwe aseMelika, iMexico yayiyinxalenye yethanga laseSpain elalilawula eli lizwe kangangeminyaka engama-300, lisizisa ngesona siphoso sikhulu kwihlabathi, kodwa masiqale kwasekuqaleni, UHernán Cortés, abathi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-1519 wakhokela uhambo olwamkhokelela ekubeni oyise iMexico, ethathwa njengoyise lo mmandla mkhulu. Unyaka we-600 udlulile, wayenamadoda angaphezu kwama-11 ashiya iCuba ngenjongo yokuya eYukatán, iinqanawa ezili-16, amahashe ali-14 kunye neziqwenga ezili-XNUMX zokudubula.
Umfowunelwa wakho wokuqala eMelika KwakuseCozumel naseTabasco, izibuko elibalulekileyo lokuthumela, apho bahlala khona boyisa amaMayas. Apho uCortés wamisela ubuKristu njengenkolo, eyalela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe imifanekiso yonqulo eyayimiswe kuloo mmandla.
Uloyiso luqhubekile, lujolise kubemi baseTecnochtitlán, ubukhosi bama-Aztec obulawulwa ngu-Emperor Moctezuma II. Ngokwengcaciso eyaphathwa nguCortés, lo mmandla wagcina ubuncwane obuninzi ukuze ukubetha kwentliziyo yakhe kungangcangcazeli kuzikise iinqanawa ezazilele eVeracruz, oku kuthintela amadoda akhe ekuhendweni ukuba abuye ngenxa yobunewunewu obubonakalayo ababebonakalisile. Kulapho livela khona ibinzana elaziwayo elithi "tshisa iinqanawa", elibhekisa kukuzimisela okungenakuguqulwa. Konke oku kuhamba ngaphaya kweenkolelo zonqulo nezenkcubeko kude kube nguloo mzuzu kugqithileyo kweli lizwe likuMbindi Merika. Ke kwavela imvukelo yemveli, apho yabonwa khona wabulala umkhosi waseCortes owathi kwimizamo yakhe yokulungisa imeko yaphumelela ukufa komlawuli. Lo mzuzu wembali waziwa ngokuba "bobona busuku buhlungu" kwaye kwenzeka nge-30 kaJuni, ngo-1520, yindlela eyaqala ngayo ukoyisa iSpanish kommandla wama-Aztec, iintshukumo ezaye zabangela abanye de bafikelela kululoyiso olupheleleyo kwaye bajika iMexico ibe yiNew Spain.
Iminyaka engama-300 yoburhulumente baseSpain
Kwakukho iminyaka engama-300 eyadlula apho urhulumente waseSpain elawula iNew Spain ngokukhululeka. Elinye ikholoni lobukumkani baseSpain, kubo la mathanga kwakufuneka abonelele kwaye azalise i-peninsula, oko kukuthi, ukubonelela ngento engekho eSpain, ke babenolawulo olugqithisileyo kurhwebo lwangaphandle; Ukongeza kumxube weenkcubeko, kuba iSpanish bezise amakhoboka amnyama kunye nabo, beza nezifo ezazingaphandle kwemimandla, zichaphazela izinga lokufa kwabantu bomthonyama, abawela kwiminyaka engama-30 yokuqala ngama-90%.
Eli nani likwaphenjelelwe ngumsebenzi wam, ubukhoboka kunye ne-encomiendas, ebangela Isithsaba siya kuthatha amanyathelo njengokuthintela i-encomiendas. Iyantlukwano eMexico yayinyuka, kwakhiwa izindlu ezinkulu zaseYurophu, iicawa ezinkulu, iipaseji zeenqwelomoya, iigadi. Kodwa ukufezekisa "ukwakhiwa" kweNew Spain, batshabalalisa iinqaba, iiphiramidi, iitempile kwaye bajonge indlela yokuphembelela ifilosofi, bezisa ezinye iinkolo, nangona kunjalo, ukuxhaphaza okwakusenziwa kwiCreole nakwelinye icala kubemi Kancinci kancinci yavelisa ukungoneliseki, yiyo loo nto yasungula iintshukumo ezathi ngexa elithile zaphakama zikhalazela imigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo.
Imvukelo
Ukukhuthazwa koku kungasentla, iziseko zenzelwe imvukelo kumacala omabini, ekuqaleni abalinganiswa abaphambili yayingabantu bomthonyama kunye neemestizo. Ukuqaqambisa njengokwamkelweyo okwavela ngo-1541 eNueva Galicia, 1660 eTehuantepec, 1670 eYucatán, 1712 eChiapas, 1797 eTeotitlán. Ngo-1565, bediniwe kukusikelwa umda okubekwe yiCreole, nabo baqhankqalaza, ngenxa yesigqibo esathatyathwayo ukuthintela i-encomienda. Ngo-1662 uqhushululu lwemveli kunye neemestizo lwakwazi ukulawula iSixeko saseMexico usuku. Ngexesha lelo nyathelo itshisiwe I-Viceregal Palace, nayo yonke into yalatha kwimpumelelo, nangona kunjalo, bakwazile ukoyiswa kwaye iinkokheli zabo zabulawa ngamaSpanish.
Izizathu ezizimeleyo zenkululeko
Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ukungoneliseki bekuhlasela iicreole kunye nabantu bomthonyama, nangona kunjalo, ngokwembali kukho izizathu zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezazigqibe kwelokuba inkululeko yelizwe lama-Aztec ifezekiswe.
Ngaphakathi, baqinisekisa ukuba ifuthe:
- Intlupheko yabantu bomthonyama kunye namakhoboka, awayeneenkolelo ezahlukileyo zonqulo, ke ngoko ayelangazelela ukohlulwa kolo qeqesho lwenziwa nguKratshi nolwalukhokelele kwintshabalalo yenkcubeko yookhokho babo.
- Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo zabemi, ezahlulwe ngokodidi. Ngelixa abanye beqhayisa, abanye bahlaziswa.
- Ubuzwilakhe kunye nokuzikhukhumalisa kwabantu baseYurophu ngokunxulumene namaCreole ababaphethe kakubi phantse ngokufanayo nabemi kunye namakhoboka. Aba bazalelwe kulo mmandla baziva bengaphantsi kumaSpanish, bekhuthazwa luthando lobuzwe iyelenqe eliqala..
Oku kwinqanaba ngokubanzi, kodwa kunokuchazwa ukuba abo babesebenza ezifama abafumani mvuzo. Endaweni yoko, bafumana ityala lobomi kwanasemva kokuba befile kuba lalizuzwe njengelifa.
En ENew Spain bekukho ii-zambos, ii-mulattos, abantu bomthonyama, iimestizo, bonke bahlala phantsi kobukhoboka kwaye bachaswa yinto elula yokungazalwa eSpain.. Bonke ngaphandle kokukhetha babengabakhonzi ngaphandle kwethemba lokuphila ngokuzimeleyo, kwelinye icala, bekukho izizathu zangaphandle eziphakamise isidingo sokwahlukana nesithsaba.
Ngokomgaqo, eli bali libhekisa kwinkululeko yamazwe ali-13 aseMelika (eUnited States), awayelawulwa yi-Great Britain. Ingxabano yaqala nge-15, yabonwa njengemfazwe enzima eyafikelela esiphelweni ngo-183. Ezi ziganeko zinefuthe elikhulu kweminye imibutho yezentlalo, njengaxa kwenzeka eMexico, nakwimibutho yenkululeko evela kwamanye amakolonin eLatin America.
Emva kwexesha, bade bachukunyiswa kukuzimela kwamathanga ali-13, iMvukelo yaseFrance yeza eSpain ngomzuzu wokuqhekeka. KwakunguNapoleon Bonaparte owangena ngo-1808, ethatha indawo yokumkani UCharles IV. Oku kwenze buthathaka ulawulo ababelusebenzisa kwiikholoni, ke ngoko, inyani yathathwa ngabantu baseMelika ukuba baqalise ukusebenza kwenkululeko; Ngelo xesha, bekukho amacandelo amabini anomdla kwinkululeko: amaqela alondolozayo anxulumene neziza ezinkulu kunye necawa, kunye namaCreole ababengamalungu abefundisi abaphantsi kunye nabezomkhosi abaphakathi.
Enye yeempembelelo zangaphandle ezinokuthi zikhankanywe, kwaye mhlawumbi eyokuqala, zezafilosofi ze-European Enlightenment, ekukho phakathi kwazo uRousseau, Voltaire kunye neMontesquieu. Oku kubekwa kupapasho abalwenzileyo: kwimithetho, ukwahlulwa kwamandla, amasiko kunye nokuziphatha kwezizwe, ulawulo lwabantu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, konke oku kunike umbono wokuba ilizwe malisebenze njani apho kukho imisebenzi kunye namalungelo abemi kunye norhulumente. , Xa zazisaziwa ezi mibhalo, zaphawula impembelelo emhlabeni wonke, ngakumbi kwiikoloni ezaziphila ngolawulo olwahlukileyo nolwabaxhaphazayo.
Ngo-1810 ekuseni nge-16 kaSeptemba kwaqala ukuphela kolawulo lwangaphandle eMexico, apho abahlali baqala khona bhala elakho ibali. Yayiyiminyaka eli-11 eyadlulayo phakathi kweemfazwe nongquzulwano; Ukudala amaxhoba kwimikhosi. NgoSeptemba 2, 1821, i-Trigarante Army yagqiba ngokusemthethweni ukulwa nokuzimela kweMexico.